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"INTERNATIONAL WATER"
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Cooperation in the Law of Transboundary Water Resources
Climate change, population growth and the increasing demand for water are all capable of leading to disputes over transboundary water systems. Dealing with these challenges will require the enhancing of adaptive capacity, the improving of the quality of water-resources management and a reduction in the risk of conflict between riparian states. Such changes can only be brought about through significant international cooperation. Christina Leb's analysis of the duty to cooperate and the related rights and obligations highlights the interlinkages between this duty and the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and the prevention of transboundary harm. In doing so, she considers the law applicable to both international watercourses and transboundary aquifers, and explores the complementarities and interaction between the rules of international water law and the related obligations of climate change and human rights law.
eBook
Taking stock of trends and status of non-revenue water level and management for the City of Mutare, Zimbabwe
Globally, non-revenue water (NRW) is one of the greatest challenges affecting water service providers, especially in developing countries where it is generally above 50%. This is the case for the City of Mutare (Zimbabwe). This study assessed NRW trends for Mutare based on the Standard International Water Association Water Balance (SIWAWB) and the Modified International Water Association Water Balance (MIWAWB) methods. The MIWAWB method unlike the SIWAWB method incorporates revenue collection efficiency. Additionally, the study assessed the status of the city’s NRW management arrangements. Data were collected from the council records and supplemented by questionnaires, interviews, and documentation review. The study found that the NRW level determined by the MIWAWB was higher (26.9 × 10
6
m
3
/year; 79.9% and 2244 L/connection/day) compared to the SIWAWB method (20.5 × 10
6
m
3
/year; 60.6% and 1713 L/connection/day). It was established that the overall current NRW management arrangements regarding apparent losses, real losses, unbilled authorized consumption and billed but not paid for water are poor leading to the high level of NRW. The City of Mutare should review arrangements for NRW and adopt the MIWAWB method to determine the level of NRW as it reflects the true NRW for the city. Also, the City of Mutare should consider having a NRW unit under the Engineering and Technical Services Department which specifically focuses on effective NRW management. The NRW unit should, thus, be capacitated in terms of skills, financing, and appropriate tools or equipment.
Journal Article
Water during and after armed conflicts : what protection in international law?
In 'The Protection of Water During and After Armed Conflicts: What Protection in International Law?', Mara Tignino offers an analysis of the principles and rules protecting water in situations of armed conflicts. The monograph also gives insights on the legal mechanisms open to individuals and communities after a conflict. Practice of international organizations and judicial decisions are examined in order to define the contours of the norms dealing with armed conflicts and post-conflict situations. Beyond international humanitarian law, the author suggests that other areas of international law should be taken into account such as human rights law and international water law. This comprehensive view aims at preventing damage to water resources and ensuring access to safe drinking water. Given the fragmentation of instruments and norms dealing with water in times of armed conflicts, it is required an in-depth examination of what means of international law may be developed to ensure a better protection to water.
Book
Liquid Relations
Water management plays an increasingly critical role in national and international policy agendas. Growing scarcity, overuse, and pollution, combined with burgeoning demand, have made socio-political and economic conflicts almost unavoidable. Proposals to address water shortages are usually based on two key assumptions: (1) water is a commodity that can be bought and sold and (2) \"states,\" or other centralized entities, should control access to water.Liquid Relationscriticizes these assumptions from a socio-legal perspective. Eleven case studies examine laws, distribution, and irrigation in regions around the world, including the United States, Nepal, Indonesia, Chile, Ecuador, India, and South Africa. In each case, problems are shown to be both ecological and human-made. The essays also consider the ways that gender, ethnicity, and class differences influence water rights and control.In the concluding chapter, the editors draw on the essays' findings to offer an alternative approach to water rights and water governance issues. By showing how issues like water scarcity and competition are embedded in specific resource use and management histories, this volume highlights the need for analyses and solutions that are context-specific rather than universal.
eBook
International water scarcity and variability : managing resource use across political boundaries
\"International Water Scarcity and Variability considers international water management challenges created by water scarcity and environmental change. Although media coverage and some scholarship tend to cast natural resource shortages as leading inexorably toward war, Shlomi Dinar and Ariel Dinar prove that there are many examples of and mechanisms for more peaceful dispute resolution regarding natural resources, even in the face of water paucity and climate change. The authors base these arguments on both global empirical analyses and case studies. Using numerous examples that focus on North America, Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, this book asks scholars and policy makers to consider strategies and incentives to help lessen conflict and motivate cooperation under scarcity and increased variability of water resources\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Domestic institutions and international collective action problems: International water rights conflicts
To what extent do domestic institutions affect the solution of collective action problems in international waters? Dwindling water resources and dire climate change projections make the determination of water rights in international rivers a major source of contention among states. If the states cooperate based on integrated water resource management principles, they could achieve social equity, economic efficiency, and sustainability. Yet, many international rivers remain subject to unilateral exploitation. This paper explores the role of domestic institutions in facilitating the emergence of international water rights. Adopting a political economy approach, it presents a case study analysis of the dispute over the Euphrates and explores the complex interaction of governing institutions in achieving efficient water management. I argue that the solution to the collective action dilemma in water rights is the creation of property rights institutions, which requires high levels of trust and reciprocity among highly motivated actors, who are accountable to their people.
Journal Article
The community of interest approach in international water law : a legal framework for the common management of international watercourses
In The Community of Interest Approach in International Water Law, Julie Gjørtz Howden identifies the normative elements of the community of interest approach, and how the approach provides a legal framework for common management of international watercourses.
eBook