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"INTERNATIONAL WATERS"
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Domestic institutions and international collective action problems: International water rights conflicts
To what extent do domestic institutions affect the solution of collective action problems in international waters? Dwindling water resources and dire climate change projections make the determination of water rights in international rivers a major source of contention among states. If the states cooperate based on integrated water resource management principles, they could achieve social equity, economic efficiency, and sustainability. Yet, many international rivers remain subject to unilateral exploitation. This paper explores the role of domestic institutions in facilitating the emergence of international water rights. Adopting a political economy approach, it presents a case study analysis of the dispute over the Euphrates and explores the complex interaction of governing institutions in achieving efficient water management. I argue that the solution to the collective action dilemma in water rights is the creation of property rights institutions, which requires high levels of trust and reciprocity among highly motivated actors, who are accountable to their people.
Journal Article
The South China Sea disputes : past, present, and future
\"This study provides political and economic analyses of current controversies in the South China Sea. It examines enduring territorial disputes, competing maritime claims, and the historical roots of regional mistrust. It also analyzes how such antagonisms affect the regional security structure and offers solutions to resolve the conflicts\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Cooperation in the Law of Transboundary Water Resources
Climate change, population growth and the increasing demand for water are all capable of leading to disputes over transboundary water systems. Dealing with these challenges will require the enhancing of adaptive capacity, the improving of the quality of water-resources management and a reduction in the risk of conflict between riparian states. Such changes can only be brought about through significant international cooperation. Christina Leb's analysis of the duty to cooperate and the related rights and obligations highlights the interlinkages between this duty and the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and the prevention of transboundary harm. In doing so, she considers the law applicable to both international watercourses and transboundary aquifers, and explores the complementarities and interaction between the rules of international water law and the related obligations of climate change and human rights law.
eBook
Taking stock of trends and status of non-revenue water level and management for the City of Mutare, Zimbabwe
Globally, non-revenue water (NRW) is one of the greatest challenges affecting water service providers, especially in developing countries where it is generally above 50%. This is the case for the City of Mutare (Zimbabwe). This study assessed NRW trends for Mutare based on the Standard International Water Association Water Balance (SIWAWB) and the Modified International Water Association Water Balance (MIWAWB) methods. The MIWAWB method unlike the SIWAWB method incorporates revenue collection efficiency. Additionally, the study assessed the status of the city’s NRW management arrangements. Data were collected from the council records and supplemented by questionnaires, interviews, and documentation review. The study found that the NRW level determined by the MIWAWB was higher (26.9 × 10
6
m
3
/year; 79.9% and 2244 L/connection/day) compared to the SIWAWB method (20.5 × 10
6
m
3
/year; 60.6% and 1713 L/connection/day). It was established that the overall current NRW management arrangements regarding apparent losses, real losses, unbilled authorized consumption and billed but not paid for water are poor leading to the high level of NRW. The City of Mutare should review arrangements for NRW and adopt the MIWAWB method to determine the level of NRW as it reflects the true NRW for the city. Also, the City of Mutare should consider having a NRW unit under the Engineering and Technical Services Department which specifically focuses on effective NRW management. The NRW unit should, thus, be capacitated in terms of skills, financing, and appropriate tools or equipment.
Journal Article
The South China Sea : a crucible of regional cooperation or conflict-making sovereignty claims?
\"As a primary trade route for more than half of the world's shipping, the location of potentially huge oil and gas reserves, and the main source of protein in maritime South- East Asia, the South China Sea is a governing determinant of security, prosperity and development in East Asia and the wider Indo-Pacific region. The disputes in the South China Sea have long been seen as a source of tension and instability in the region. Although peace has been maintained until now, the South China Sea is the epicentre of changes in the international balance of power which have the potential to trigger military conflict. The South China Sea sovereignty disputes are among the most complicated in the world and engage claims from Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Given the complex convergence of national interests in the region, the prospect of settling the decades-old disputes completely is very slim\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Liquid Relations
Water management plays an increasingly critical role in national and international policy agendas. Growing scarcity, overuse, and pollution, combined with burgeoning demand, have made socio-political and economic conflicts almost unavoidable. Proposals to address water shortages are usually based on two key assumptions: (1) water is a commodity that can be bought and sold and (2) \"states,\" or other centralized entities, should control access to water.Liquid Relationscriticizes these assumptions from a socio-legal perspective. Eleven case studies examine laws, distribution, and irrigation in regions around the world, including the United States, Nepal, Indonesia, Chile, Ecuador, India, and South Africa. In each case, problems are shown to be both ecological and human-made. The essays also consider the ways that gender, ethnicity, and class differences influence water rights and control.In the concluding chapter, the editors draw on the essays' findings to offer an alternative approach to water rights and water governance issues. By showing how issues like water scarcity and competition are embedded in specific resource use and management histories, this volume highlights the need for analyses and solutions that are context-specific rather than universal.
eBook
The World Bank policy for projects on international waterways : an historical and legal analysis
This book deals with the evolution and context of the Bank policy for projects on international waterways. It starts with a brief description of how the Bank faced the challenges stemming from such projects, and the different approaches deliberated by the Bank that led to the issuance of the first policy in 1956. The Book then reviews the implementation experience and analyzes the principles and procedures, as well as the main features of each of the policies issued in 1956, 1965 and 1985. The principles of international water law prevailing at each stage of the policy updates are examined and compared with those of Bank policy.The book also discusses in details the notification process: its basis, by whom, to whom, its content, different riparians’ responses, and the exceptions to the notification requirement. It analyzes how the Bank handles an objection from one or more of the riparians to projects proposed for Bank financing. It also examines how the Bank has dealt with transboundary groundwater, as well as the linkages between the policy for projects on international waterways and the policies on disputed areas and environmental impact assessment. The conclusion provides an overview of the main findings of the book, and highlights some of the lessons drawn from the implementation experience of the policy.
eBook