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Digital inequality, faculty communication, and remote learning experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of U.S. undergraduates
The COVID-19 pandemic forced closure of most U.S. university campuses in March 2020, obliging millions of students to finish their semesters via remote learning. This study examines whether and how students' prior and current experiences of digital inequality-defined as constrained access to the internet and internet-connecting devices-were associated with their remote learning experiences.
An anonymous, online survey of 2,913 undergraduate college students from 30 U.S. universities completing their spring term remotely was conducted between April and May 2020. Hypothesis testing utilized a structural equation model with cluster-bootstrapped standard errors and p-values, to account for students being clustered by university.
Findings revealed that students' challenges with internet connectivity and digital devices during remote learning were associated with lower remote learning proficiency (RLP). Difficulty communicating with professors and teaching assistants was also associated with lower RLP. Prior experience with online coursework was associated with higher RLP, and digital inequality challenges during the year prior to the pandemic with lower RLP. Moreover, students who reported greater financial hardship since the start of the pandemic experienced significantly more connectivity, device, and faculty communication challenges during remote learning, and had significantly lower RLP.
Many students will continue to learn remotely in some form until the pandemic recedes. We identify key factors associated with students' remote learning proficiency: (1) consistent, high-speed internet connectivity and functioning devices to connect to it, and (2) the ability to relate to and communicate easily with professors and teaching assistants. This study identifies potential barriers to effective remote learning, as well as possible opportunities to improve students' experiences.
Journal Article
Authorization and access control : foundations, frameworks, and applications
\"This book focuses on various authorization and access control techniques, threats and attack modelling including overview of open Authorization 2.0 (Oauth2.0) framework along with User managed access (UMA) and security analysis. Important key concepts are discussed on how to provide login credentials with restricted access to third parties with primary account as a resource server. Detailed protocol overview and authorization process along with security analysis of Oauth 2.0 is discussed in this book. This book also includes case studies of websites for vulnerability issues. Features : provides overview of security challenges of IoT and mitigation techniques with a focus on authorization and access control mechanisms, discusses behavioral analysis of threats and attacks using UML base modelling, covers use of Oauth2.0 Protocol and UMA for connecting web applications, includes Role Based Access Control (RBAC), Discretionary Access Control (DAC), Mandatory Access Control (MAC), and Permission Based Access Control (PBAC). and explores how to provide access to third party web applications through resource server by use of secured and reliable Oauth2.0 framework. This book aims at researchers and professionals in IT Security, Auditing, and Computer Engineering\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
EVALUATION OF INTERNET ACCESS BY STUDENTS AT A FEDERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION IN NORTHERN BRAZIL
Objective: This study presents the results of assessing Internet access by students at a federal educational institution in northern Brazil. Theoretical Framework: The study's theoretical framework relates information technologies through Internet access to learning. It shows that the more adequate Internet access is in educational institutions' daily routines, the better the students' performance in learning and its developments in technical, scientific, and technological production. Method: The method used was a survey, the population of which consisted of students who attended classes during the three shifts during which the institution operated. The students were consulted through a questionnaire with multiple-choice questions, the results of which were generated using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency tables. Results and Discussion: The findings showed deficiencies in a) the connection attributes, b) insufficient connection about the types of use by students, c) the connection provided is of low quality, and d) there is excess demand about the low institutional supply, especially in the evening shift. Research Implications: This study shows that internet services must be the object of multidisciplinary treatment and cannot represent the exclusive view of ICT professionals or education specialists. Unidisciplinary views prevent several fundamental nuances of institutional core activities from being overlooked. Originality/Value: The research's originality lies in the empirical observation that educational institutions must strategically plan long-term internet provision jointly by ICT professionals, education specialists, teachers, and students.
Journal Article
Internet censorship : a reference handbook
\"Covering topics ranging from web filters to laws aimed at preventing the flow of information, this book explores freedom--and censorship--of the Internet and considers the advantages and disadvantages of policies at each end of the spectrum\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Looking beyond digital broadband speeds: Rural British Columbian’s experiences with internet connectivity as a basic necessity
This study examined the experience of digital connectivity among rural-living British Columbians both with and without access to high-speed Internet at home.
Evidence indicates that fewer rural communities have access to high-speed Internet compared to urban communities in Canada, despite government commitments to bring high-speed Internet to all British Columbians by 2027. Yet, differences within rural areas relative to those with access to high-speed compared to those with lower speeds remains a relatively unexplored area.
A cross-sectional survey of rural British Columbians both with and without high-speed Internet was conducted between October 2023 and April 2024. Closed and open-ended questions gathered participants' thoughts and experiences with digital technology access and use.
Overall, 461 (M age = 56 years, 72% female) rural BC community members (47% with access to 50 + Mbps download speeds) completed the survey. Despite similar overall digital readiness, skill, and confidence using digital technology, those without high-speed Internet were older, more remote-living, reported using fewer connected devices alongside greater frustration with technology, yet had comparable frequency of Internet use except for less streaming compared to those with access to high-speed Internet. Similar themes were found among open-ended responses of both those with and without high-speed Internet access and surrounded: i) the actual and potential benefits of high-speed connectivity, and ii.) disconnects on many levels, but particularly between expectations for and reality of high-speed connectivity.
Regardless of broadband speed, there were greater similarities than there were differences across rural community participants, with common perceptions of the benefits of connectivity amid experiences with pervasive disconnections on a number of levels.
Journal Article
A Lot of Action, But Not in the Right Direction: Systematic Review and Content Analysis of Smartphone Applications for the Prevention, Detection, and Management of Cancer
Mobile phones have become nearly ubiquitous, offering a promising means to deliver health interventions. However, little is known about smartphone applications (apps) for cancer.
The purpose of this study was to characterize the purpose and content of cancer-focused smartphone apps available for use by the general public and the evidence on their utility or effectiveness.
We conducted a systematic review of the official application stores for the four major smartphone platforms: iPhone, Android, Nokia, and BlackBerry. Apps were included in the review if they were focused on cancer and available for use by the general public. This was complemented by a systematic review of literature from MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify evaluations of cancer-related smartphone apps.
A total of 295 apps from the smartphone app stores met the inclusion criteria. The majority of apps targeted breast cancer (46.8%, 138/295) or cancer in general (28.5%, 84/295). The reported app purpose was predominantly to raise awareness about cancer (32.2%, 95/295) or to provide educational information about cancer (26.4%, 78/295), followed by apps to support fundraising efforts (12.9%, 38/295), assist in early detection (11.5%, 34/295), promote a charitable organization (10.2%, 30/295), support disease management (3.7%, 11/295), cancer prevention (2.0%, 6/295), or social support (1.0%, 3/295). The majority of the apps did not describe their organizational affiliation (64.1%, 189/295). Apps affiliated with non-profit organizations were more likely to be free of cost (χ(2) 1=16.3, P<.001) and have a fundraising or awareness purpose (χ(2) 2=13.3, P=.001). The review of the health literature yielded 594 articles, none of which reported an evaluation of a cancer-focused smartphone application.
There are hundreds of cancer-focused apps with the potential to enhance efforts to promote behavior change, to monitor a host of symptoms and physiological indicators of disease, and to provide real-time supportive interventions, conveniently and at low cost. However, there is a lack of evidence on their utility, effectiveness, and safety. Future efforts should focus on improving and consolidating the evidence base into a whitelist for public consumption.
Journal Article
America's information wars : the untold story of information systems in America's conflicts and politics from World War II to the internet age
\"This book narrates the development of science and intelligence information systems and technologies in the U.S. from World War II through today. The story ranges from a description of the information systems and machines of the 1940s to the rise of a huge international science information industry, and to the 1990's Open Access-Open Culture\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
“Digital Dividend” or “Digital Divide”: What Role Does the Internet Play in the Health Inequalities among Chinese Residents?
With the vigorous development of the medical industry in China, residents’ health has been significantly improved. However, along with the income gap, urban–rural gap, and healthcare resource gap caused by economic development, health inequality has become a fundamental barrier to the promotion of residents’ health. The popularity of the Internet has helped close the gap to some extent, but it also has drawbacks. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2018, we evaluated the effects of Internet usage on health disparities among residents using fixed effect models, mediation effect models, and other methodologies. The findings indicate that Internet usage can help to minimize health inequality since it lowers income inequality, promotes health consciousness, and reduces depression. Furthermore, Internet usage plays a greater role on the health improvement of the middle-aged, the elderly, urban residents, and females. Although the Internet has brought “digital dividends” in general, the Internet usage rates among different groups also reveal that there is a clear “digital gap” among rural residents, elderly groups, and low-income groups. These results have significant implications for promoting healthcare equality.
Journal Article