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Based on current statistics and population censuses, it is shown that at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the number of simple two-parent families in the cities of Russia increased, while that of complex multigenerational families decreased, and the relationships between spouses and parents and children changed. The decline in fertility and mortality rates, directly effected in the family, coincided with the beginning of the demographic transition. In the new conditions of the 1920s and 1930s, the number of children in the urban family and its type and size, as well as intrafamily relationships, changed significantly. The reduction in fertility and mortality rates of the population, which affected the family, indicated the development of the demographic transition. At the same time, it is emphasized that the urban family remained generally traditional.