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The disruptive deployment of collaborative robots, named cobots, in Industry 5.0 has brought attention to the safety and ergonomic aspects of industrial human–robot interaction (HRI) tasks. In particular, the study of the operator’s mental workload in HRI activities has been the research object of a new branch of ergonomics, called neuroergonomics, to improve the operator’s wellbeing and the efficiency of the system. This study shows the development of a combinative assessment for the evaluation of mental workload in a comparative analysis of two assembly task scenarios, without and with robot interaction. The evaluation of mental workload is achieved through a combination of subjective (NASA TLX) and real-time objective measurements. This latter measurement is found using an innovative electroencephalogram (EEG) device and the characterization of the cognitive workload through the brainwave power ratio β/α, defined after the pre-processing phase of EEG data. Finally, observational analyses are considered regarding the task performance of the two scenarios. The statistical analyses show how significantly the mental workload diminution and a higher level of performance, as the number of components assembled correctly by the participants, are achieved in the scenario with the robot.

In the contexts of commercial freight, shipment delivery, and smart factories, organizations adopt Industry 4.0 (IR4.0) for competitive transportation practices. Yet, the role of transportation as a key \"transportation 4.0\" sub-system has been overlooked by scholars, resulting in an incomplete transition towards IR5.0. To bridge this gap, we adopt the reductionist approach grounded from systems theory to systematically review literature. Our analysis highlights the integration of technologies in transportation, impacting ecosystems significantly. However, global progress on transportation 4.0 exhibits regional disparities. In response, we propose a transportation 4.0 framework to mitigate disparities and enhance competitiveness. Identifying research gaps, challenges, and prospects, we outline directions towards IR5.0. Our study clarifies the evolving landscape of transportation within the Industry 4.0 paradigm.

Industry 5.0 (IR5.0) represents a shift beyond the efficiency-driven logics of Industry 4.0, emphasizing human-centricity, resilience, and sustainability. To support this transition, this study repositions the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework by systematically mapping recent adoption research (2021-2025) from Scopus and Web of Science. From 21 eligible studies, we extracted TOE factors and reclassified them into diagnostic centricities forming the basis for an enhanced TOE-IR5.0 framework. Results show a persistent tilt toward technological/organizational readiness, while sustainability and ethical enablers remain under-specified. High-frequency drivers (infrastructure, cyber-security, leadership, competence) indicate partial but incomplete IR5.0 alignment. We propose an enhanced TOE-IR5.0 framework that embeds human-centricity, resilience, and sustainability across technological, organizational, and environmental domains while clarifying where current scholarship still reflects IR4.0 logics. Most importantly, the framework introduces a diagnostic methodology-operationalizing IR5.0 values as transformative lenses applied to the TOE domains. This diagnostic orientation provides researchers, managers, and policymakers with a tool to systematically evaluate and realign technology-adoption strategies toward inclusive, resilient, and sustainable industrial transformation.