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During the planning, design, and optimization of an industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN), the proposed solutions need to be validated and evaluated. To reduce the time and expenses, highly accurate simulators can be used for these tasks. This paper presents the development and experimental validation of an ISA100.11a simulation model for industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSN). To achieve high simulation accuracy, the ISA100.11a software stack running on two types of certified devices (i.e., an all-in-one gateway and a field device) is integrated with the ns-3 simulator. The behavior of IWSNs is analyzed in four different types of test scenarios: (1) through simulation using the proposed ISA100.11a simulation model, (2) on an experimental testbed using ISA100.11a certified devices, (3) in a Gateway-in-the-loop Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) scenario, and (4) in a Node-in-the-loop HIL scenario. Moreover, the scalability of the proposed simulation model is evaluated. Several metrics related to the timing of events and communication statistics are used to evaluate the behavior and performance of the tested IWSNs. The results analysis demonstrates the potential of the proposed model to accurately predict IWSN behavior.

In industrial wireless sensors networks (IWSNs), the sensor lifetime predictability is critical for ensuring continuous system availability, cost efficiency and suitability for safety applications. When deployed in a real-world dynamic and centralised network, the sensor lifetime is highly dependent on the network topology, deployment configuration and application requirements. (In the absence of an energy-aware mechanism, there is no guarantee for the sensor lifetime). This research defines a conceptual model for enhancing the energy predictability and efficiency of IWSNs. A particularization of this model is the predictive energy-aware routing (PEAR) solution that assures network lifetime predictability through energy-aware routing, energy balancing and profiling. The PEAR solution considers the requirements and constraints of the industrial ISA100.11a communication standard and the VR950 IIoT Gateway hardware platform. The results demonstrate the PEAR ability to ensure predictable energy consumption for one or multiple network clusters. The PEAR solution is capable of intracluster energy balancing, reducing the overconsumption 10.4 times after 210 routing changes as well as intercluster energy balancing, increasing the cluster lifetime 2.3 times on average and up to 3.2 times, while reducing the average consumption by 23.6%. The PEAR solution validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the energy-aware conceptual indicating its suitability within IWSNs having real world applications and requirements.

This paper presents a formal security analysis of the ISA100.11a standard protocol using the Colored Petri Net (CPN) modeling approach. Firstly, we establish a security threat model for the ISA100.11a protocol and provide a detailed description and analysis of the identified security threats. Secondly, we use the CPN tool to model the protocol formally and conduct model checking and security analysis. Finally, we analyze and discuss the results of the model checking, which demonstrate that the ISA100.11a standard protocol may have vulnerabilities when certain security threats exist, and provide some suggestions to enhance the security of the protocol. This research provides a certain level of security assurance for the ISA100.11a standard protocol and serves as a reference for similar security research on protocols.

This paper proposes novel routing and topology control algorithms for industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) based on the ISA100.11a standard. The proposed algorithms not only reduces energy consumption at the node level but also reduces packet latency at the network level. Using the residual energy and packet reception rate of neighbor nodes, the source node can estimate the highest election weight. Hence, packets are conveyed by a multi-hop forwarding scheme from source nodes to the sink by the optimal path. Furthermore, energy consumption and network latency are minimized using integer linear programming. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms are fully effective in terms of energy conservation and network latency for IWSNs.