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This paper proposes a novel multi-band textile monopole antenna for patient tracking applications. The designed antenna has compact footprints (0.13λ02) and works in the narrow band-internet of things (NB-IoT) 1.8 GHz, radio frequency identification (RFID), and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. The impedance bandwidths and gain of the antenna at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz are 310 MHz, 960 MHz, and 1140 MHz; 3.7 dBi, 5.3 dBi, and 9.6 dBi, respectively. Also, the antenna’s behavior is checked on different body parts of the human body in various bending scenarios. As per the evaluated link budget, the designed antenna can easily communicate up to 100 m of distance. The specific absorption rate values of the designed antenna are also within acceptable limits as per the (FCC/ICNIRP) standards at the reported frequency bands. Unlike traditional rigid antennas, the proposed textile antenna is non-intrusive, enhancing user safety and comfort. The denim material makes it comfortable for extended wear, reducing the risk of skin irritation. It can also withstand regular wear and tear, including stretching and bending. The presented denim-based antenna can be seamlessly integrated into clothing and accessories, making it less obtrusive and more aesthetically pleasing.

A compact and triple-band polarization converting reflective type metasurface (PCRM) with a high polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is proposed for strategic wireless antenna-integrated applications. The unit cell of the metasurface is composed of S- and G-shaped patches separated with a parasitic gap and the grounded via is connected to the full ground plane. The unit cell is etched on an FR4 substrate (dielectric constant, εr = 4.4, loss tangent, tan δ = 0.02), with compact dimensions of 10 mm3 × 10 mm3 × 1.6 mm3. This structure provides a resonance at 5.2 (ISM), 6.9, and 8.05 GHz (X-band) frequencies. The designed unit cell structure is studied for Transverse Electric (TE)/Transverse Magnetic (TM) incident waves and their responses to the various incident angles. The corresponding PCR is calculated, which shows 92% in the lower frequency band (5.2 GHz), 93% in the second frequency band (6.9 GHz), and 94% in the high-frequency band (8.05 GHz). The total efficiency of the structure shows 83.2%, 62.95%, and 64.6% at the respective resonance bands. A prototype of the proposed PCRM with 3 × 3 unit cells is fabricated to validate the simulated results. The experimental data agrees with the simulation results. The compactness, triple-band operation with a high PCR value of more than 92% makes use of the designed metasurface in wireless antenna-integrated applications at ISM and X-bands.

In this paper, a circularly polarized printed monopole antenna (CPPMA) is proposed for medical microwave imaging and health monitoring applications. The proposed CPPMA is optimized to operate at the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. A prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated and printed on the low-cost FR-4 substrate that has a compact size of 34 × 28 × 1.5 mm3. The simulated results indicate that the designed CPPMA operates between 2.425 GHz and 2.475 GHz while the measured results range between 2.32 GHz and 2.515 GHz. The designed CPPMA also reveals a circular polarization performance at 2.45 GHz (2.4386 GHz - 2.4633 GHz). The suitability of CPPMA for microwave imaging is confirmed by checking its aptitudes to detect the presence of breast tumors and brain strokes. A great detection capability is achieved for breast tumors and brain strokes of various sizes inserted at different positions with a high sensitivity to changes or anomalies in the dielectric properties of human tissues. In addition, the usefulness of the proposed CPPMA for wearable application is justified experimentally. Excellent agreement is achieved between the simulated results and the measured ones.

A flexible meandered loop antenna is proposed, designed and realised for small cylindrical implantable devices. This antenna covers the Medical Device Radiocommunications Service (MedRadio) and the 433–434 MHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands, and is probably the smallest reported flexible implantable antenna that covers these bands. This antenna has shown a robust performance in the presence of implant internal components and has a realised gain of − 28.4 dBi inside a model of a human upper arm.

A dual-band dual-mode patch antenna for on–on–off wireless body area network (WBAN) applications is proposed. The antenna consists of a half-circular patch with two shorting posts to generate a TM41 higher-order resonant mode and a bottom ground slot to generate additional resonance. To reduce the antenna size without seriously affecting the radiation pattern, the antenna is cut in half and operates in half-mode. The antenna has a vertical monopole-like radiation pattern in the 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band and a horizontal monopole-like radiation pattern in the 5.8 GHz ISM band. To evaluate the body effect, both 2.45 and 5.8 GHz muscle-equivalent phantoms were used. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna is 30.5 × 62 × 3.15 mm.

A fully integrated quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) for IEEE 802.15.4 transceivers is presented. The QVCO supports the 2.4 GHz unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. The proposed QVCO generates 2.25–2.9 GHz covering 2.4 GHz transceivers. Quadrature coupling between the VCO cores is achieved using common source transistors which have their drains directly connected to the supply voltage. By using this structure, the effect of 1/f noise up-conversion in the phase-noise performance could be reduced. The QVCO achieves a measured phase noise of −116.74 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset with a centre frequency of 2.5 GHz. The proposed QVCO consumes 0.55 mW from a 0.45 V supply voltage and is implemented in a standard 0.13 μm CMOS process with a core area of 0.315 mm2.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Communication between manufacturing robots and autonomous vehicles in the industrial environment is important, sinceinstructions and information are crucial for communication between the control station and the robot station. Information is required between different manufacturing robots for optimal performance and dedication to industrial tasks within the environment. Failures in communication could cause robots to be a safety hazard or to perform tasks that are not required. This article shows how communication was improved with the use of the Robotics Communication Protocol (RCP) and an extension of this protocol. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommunikasie tussen vervaardigingsrobotte en outonome voertuie in ‘n industriële omgewing is belangrik, aangesien opdragte en inligting krities is vir kommunikasie tussen die beheerstasie en die robotstasie. Inligting word benodig tussen verskillende vervaardigingsrobotte vir optimale werkverrigting en toewyding aan take in die omgewing. Mislukte kommunikasie mag veroorsaak dat robotte ‘n veiligheidsrisiko word of veroorsaak dat onnodige take verrig word. Hierdie artikel toon hoe kommunikasie verbeter is deur die gebruik van die “robotika-kommunikasie-protokol” en ‘n uitbreiding van die protokol.

A dual turn electrically coupled loop antenna is proposed to operate inside gastrointestinal capsules. The proposed structure is simple with a degree of freedom in design and compact size. In addition, it has low specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. Four different models have been designed to operate at industrial, scientific, medical (ISM) bands (433 MHz and 915 MHz). The first three antenna models with different sizes operate at the 433 MHz ISM band while the fourth antenna model operates at the 915 MHz ISM band. The primitive designs are performed by immersing the biocompatible-encapsulated prototypes inside the center of a cubic box of muscle phantom with an edge length of 100 mm. To mimic the realistic situation, the final designs were simulated inside a human torso model. As an experimental verification, a prototype has been fabricated and tested inside minced beef. The footprint size excluding the space in the core is 200 mm3. The peak SAR levels, averaged on 1 g, are 78.4, 51.8 and 81.67 W/kg for the three proposed antennas, respectively. The low SAR levels permit increasing the fed power to compensate medium losses in addition to obtain better imaging. The peak realized gains in muscle lie in the range of the other counterparts (− 19 dBi).

In this study, the simulation and measured results of coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed inverted-E shaped monopole for application in industrial, scientific, medical (ISM), high-performance radio local area network (HIPERLAN), unlicensed National information infrastructure (UNII), and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) bands are presented. The CPW-fed inverted-E shaped monopole is fabricated on a high-permittivity substrate. The lower band is associated with the longer strips of the inverted-E shaped monopole whereas the higher band is associated with the middle and shorter strips of the inverted-E shaped monopole. The proposed antenna has good agreement between the measured and the simulation results. The proposed antenna has a 10 dB return loss with bandwidth 644 MHz (2033–2677 MHz) in the lower band and 1913 MHz (4815–6728 MHz) in the higher band. The proposed dual-band CPW-fed inverted-E shaped monopole covered the ISM, HIPERLAN, UNII and WiMAX bands.

Continuous monitoring and treatment of various diseases with biomedical technologies and wearable electronics has become significantly important. The healthcare area is an important, evolving field that, among other things, requires electronic and micro-electromechanical technologies. Designed circuits and smart devices can lead to reduced hospitalization time and hospitals equipped with high-quality equipment. Some of these devices can also be implanted inside the body. Recently, various implanted electronic devices for monitoring and diagnosing diseases have been presented. These instruments require communication links through wireless technologies. In the transmitters of these devices, power amplifiers are the most important components and their performance plays important roles. This paper is devoted to collecting and providing a comprehensive review on the various designed implanted amplifiers for advanced biomedical applications. The reported amplifiers vary with respect to the class/type of amplifier, implemented CMOS technology, frequency band, output power, and the overall efficiency of the designs. The purpose of the authors is to provide a general view of the available solutions, and any researcher can obtain suitable circuit designs that can be selected for their problem by reading this survey.