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183 result(s) for "Idiot"
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Enhanced interest in letters and numbers in autistic children
Background An intense and precocious interest in written material, together with a discrepancy between decoding and reading comprehension skills are defining criteria for hyperlexia, which is found in up to 20% of autistic individuals. It may represent the extreme end of a broader interest in written material in autism. This study examines the magnitude and nature of the interest in written material in a large population of autistic and non-autistic children. Methods All 701 children (391 autistic, 310 non-autistic) under the age of 7 referred to an autism assessment clinic over a span of 4 years were included. Ordinal logistic regressions assessed the association between diagnosis and the level of interest in letters and numbers. A nested sample of parents of 138 autistic, 99 non-autistic clinical, and 76 typically developing (TD) children completed a detailed questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the age of emergence of these interests. Linear regressions evaluated the association between diagnosis and interest level. The frequency of each behaviour showing interest and competence with letters and numbers were compared. Results In the two studies, 22 to 37% of autistic children had an intense or exclusive interest in letters. The odds of having a greater interest in letters was 2.78 times higher for autistic children than for non-autistic clinical children of the same age, and 3.49 times higher for the interest in numbers, even if 76% of autistic children were minimally or non-verbal. The age of emergence of these interests did not differ between autistic and TD children and did not depend on their level of oral language. Non-autistic children showed more interest in letters within a social context. Limitations The study holds limitations inherent to the use of a phone questionnaire with caregivers and missing sociodemographic information. Conclusions The emergence of the interest of autistic children toward written language is contemporaneous to the moment in their development where they display a strong deficit in oral language. Together with recent demonstrations of non-social development of oral language in some autistic children, precocious and intense interest in written material suggests that language acquisition in autism may follow an alternative developmental pathway.
\What Are We Busy Doing?\: Engaging the Idiot
Engagement events—whether interviews, installations, or participatory encounters—can entail a range of happenings which, in one way or another, \"overspill\" the empirical, analytic, or political framing of those engagement events. This article looks at how we might attend to these overspills—for instance, forms of \"misbehavior\" on the part of lay participants—not only to provide accounts of them but also to explore ways of deploying them creatively. In particular, Stengers' figure of the \"idiot\" is proposed as a device for deploying those overspills to interrogate \"what we are busy doing\" as social science researchers in engagement events. This interrogation is furthered by considering the proactive idiocy of \"Speculative Design's\" version of the public engagement with science which seems directly to engender \"overspilling.\" Providing examples of speculative design prototypes and practices, the article develops an ideal typical contrast between social scientific and designerly perspectives on public engagement. It is suggested that speculative design can serve as a resource for supplementing \"science and technology studies\" (STS) conceptualizations of, and practices toward, public, engagement, and science.
Savant syndrome has a distinct psychological profile in autism
Background Savant syndrome is a condition where prodigious talent can co-occur with developmental conditions such as autism spectrum conditions (autism). It is not yet clear why some autistic people develop savant skills while others do not. Methods We tested three groups of adults: autistic individuals who have savant skills, autistic individuals without savant skills, and typical controls without autism or savant syndrome. In experiment 1, we investigated the cognitive and behavioural profiles of these three groups by asking participants to complete a battery of self-report measures of sensory sensitivity, obsessional behaviours, cognitive styles, and broader autism-related traits including social communication and systemising. In experiment 2, we investigated how our three groups learned a novel savant skill—calendar calculation. Results Heightened sensory sensitivity, obsessional behaviours, technical/spatial abilities, and systemising were all key aspects in defining the savant profile distinct from autism alone, along with a different approach to task learning. Conclusions These results reveal a unique cognitive and behavioural profile in autistic adults with savant syndrome that is distinct from autistic adults without a savant skill.
Translation and Cross-Cultural Reception: A Comparative Study of the Initial Translations and Retranslations of The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov in Chinese
Dostoevsky's works are deeply embedded in Russian cultural traditions. This study compares and analyzes the treatment of Russian cultural elements in the first translation by Geng Jizhi and the retranslation by contemporary translator Rong Rude in The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. Drawing on Wills' text-to-text reception theory, the paper explores how the Russian cultural elements in the original works are rewritten and reception. Through a comparative analysis of the cultural elements in both the first translation and the retranslation, this study also tests the retranslation hypothesis, which claims that the first translation is more focused on adapting to the target culture, while the retranslation is closer to the source text. The findings show that the first translation alters religious and cultural elements to varying degrees, with the preface emphasizing the humanitarian spirit of the work, while paying relatively less attention to the value of religious philosophical ideas. In contrast, Rong Rude's new-century retranslation is more faithful to the source text and provides detailed annotations on Russian cultural elements. The preface of the retranslation places greater emphasis on the multiple interpretations of the work, striving to restore the text's various values, though the author's religious ideals are still subjected to cultural filtering. Therefore, the retranslation hypothesis is partially valid in terms of cultural reception in this case.
Savant Syndrome: Realities, Myths and Misconceptions
It was 126 years ago that Down first described savant syndrome as a specific condition and 70 years ago that Kanner first described Early Infantile Autism. While as many as one in ten autistic persons have savant abilities, such special skills occur in other CNS conditions as well such that approximately 50 % of cases of savant syndrome have autism as the underlying developmental disability and 50 % are associated with other disabilities. This paper sorts out realities from myths and misconceptions about both savant syndrome and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that have developed through the years. The reality is that low IQ is not necessarily an accompaniment of savant syndrome; in some cases IQ can be superior. Also, savants can be creative, rather than just duplicative, and the skills increase over time on a continuum from duplication, to improvisation to creation, rather than diminishing or suddenly disappearing. Genius and prodigy exist separate from savant syndrome and not all such highly gifted persons have Asperger’s Disorder. This paper also emphasizes the critical importance of separating ‘autistic-like’ symptoms from ASD especially in children when the savant ability presents as hyperlexia (children who read early) or as Einstein syndrome (children who speak late), or have impaired vision (Blindisms) because prognosis and outcome are very different when that careful distinction is made. In those cases the term ‘outgrowing autism’ might be mistakenly applied when in fact the child did not have ASD in the first place.
\TIME AND MEMORY IN DOSTOEVSKY'S NOVELS\, OR \NASTASYA FILIPPOVNA IN ABSENTIA\
В статье рассматривается соотношение памяти и времени в категориях «задолго до» в «Идиоте» и «долго спустя» в «Братьях Карамазовых» и «Преступлении и наказании». Утверждается первостепенное значение воспоминаний в «Идиоте» не только для главных, но и некоторых второстепенных персонажей, с той разницей, что воспоминания последних являются вымышленными—они проецируют этих персонажей на историческое прошлое и тем самым пародируют лейтмотив памяти в романе. В отличие от «Идиота», в «Братьях Карамазовых» и «Преступлении и наказании» воспоминания проецируются на неведомое будущее, выходящее за временные рамки романов. Также рассматриваются другие виды темпоральности в «Идиоте»: хронотоп порога, развернутые, пространственные, ускоренные, замедленные формы времени и их соотношение со сценами скандала и с темой апокалипсиса (оптимистические и пессимистические варианты). Статья также задается вопросом почему Настасья Филипповна является «отсутствующей» героиней и почему она ассоциируется с перформативностью, а не с внутренней жизнью. Несмотря на свою роль «раздражителя» сюжета, она отсутствует в романе гораздо больше времени, чем присутствует, а во втором случае главная функция Настасьи Филипповны—ускорять или останавливать время. Один из результатов ее отсутствия—соперничество основного и второстепенных сюжетов отчасти как следствие соперничества рассказчиков.
EMBARRASSMENT IN \THE IDIOT\
Из всех романов Достоевского ближайшим к роману нравов, благодаря своему брачному сюжету и салонным разговорам, является роман «Идиот». Этот мнимо-бытовой роман, однако, сталкивается с теологическим императивом: восстановлением христологического образа, представленного в романе Достоевским в виде христоподобного Князя Мышкина. Присутствие Христа в гостиной в рамках брачного сюжета, является типом «смущения жанра». Исходя из этого сценария, данная статья рассматривает отношения между нарративом и «смущением» с двух точек зрения: дезинтеграции и соединения. Вначале, статья показывает, как смущение, вызванное этим жанровым нарушением, связано с представлениями о времени в романе и конфигурацией его персонажей. Затем, анализируя авторское стремление к единству романа, мы обнаруживаем роль смущения в этическом восприятии читателя. В статье обсуждается роль эмоции (т.е. смущения) в романе с точки зрения его жанра, нарративной структуры, текста в целом и эмоций читателя. Опираясь на фундаментальный анализ, проделанный социологом Эрвингом Гоффманом, данная статья адресуется также тем, кто интересуется изучением аффектов и историей эмоций.
DOSTOEVSKY'S REALIST \PARAGONE\: WORD, IMAGE, AND FANTASTIC EKPHRASIS IN \THE IDIOT\
В исследованиях по творчеству Достоевского и реализму в литературе, Идиот уже давно признается романом, в котором значительное место отведено изобразительному искусству. Выходя за рамки конкретных визуальных ссылок, которые широко обсуждались (в первую очередь Мертвый Христос в гробу Гольбейна), Молли Брансон концептуализирует эстетическую проблематику романа Достоевского в контексте визуальной культуры девятнадцатого века а также теорий «слова и образа» и интермедиальных отношений. Объединяя эти критические подходы с новыми интерпретациями романа, Брансон утверждает, что роман стремится преодолеть то, что он воспринимает как угрозу визуальному нарративу, посредством риторического приема экфрасиса. В настойчивом взаимодействии с художественным «другим» и в связи с ограничениями слова и образа, Идиот также использует парагон (рагаgопe)—или интермедиальное сравнение—для защиты претензий романа на реалистическую истину. Опираясь на традиции классического мимезиса, европейского реализма девятнадцатого века и влияние фотографических технологий, Брансон предлагает расширенный междисциплинарный и сравнительный контекст, который выходит за пределы специфически русского или православного, и служит более полному пониманию подхода Достоевского к изобразительному искусству и реализму.