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The work addresses the alternative use of window sashes as an easily dumped structure (EDS) with window casement rotation to ensure gas release from the room and pressure venting. The paper focuses on the use of the option with one outside rotating casement as EDS while the other part of the window sash can be opened inside or be immobile. The work records equations for the movement of a swivelling safety structure and changes in pressure in a dimensionless form with identified dimensionless complexes, which equivalence ensures the likeness of aperture opening. The study is limited to the idle run period. It was demonstrated that with small room volumes, the idle run must be taken into account and its impact on a pressure growth must be reduced. The work shows ways to reduce the idle run time.

This article puts forward the concept of fast idling condition. The comparative experiments of idling and fast idling warming up engine show that: during cold start, the warm-up of fast idling condition whose maximum speed is 1350 r/min is the most fuel-efficient, fuel-saving about 4.5%, time-saving about 32.5%; at normal temperature, warming up engine of fast idling condition does not save fuel. The warm-up experiments of fast idling condition that accelerations are different in the descent phase show that when the engine is cold, the smaller the acceleration in the descent phase of fast idling condition is, the more time and fuel are saved; at normal temperature, the bigger the acceleration in the descent phase of fast idling condition is, the better the fuel economy is. Therefore, it is inferred that the engine should be warmed up under fast idling condition when the engine is cold and idling condition is used to warm up engine at normal temperature. To sum up, when the engine is cold, the engine should be warmed up under the fast idling condition whose maximum speed is 1350 r/min; at normal temperature, it should be warmed up in idling condition to save fuel.

Aiming at the problems of high equipment composition complexity, long idle time of idle machines, and difficulty in online optimization of energy consumption in the production system that adopts the “immediate rework” mechanism, an online energy consumption optimization method for rework production systems is proposed. A digital model of production system energy consumption for the “immediate rework” mechanism is established, and real-time data is integrated to realize online energy consumption optimization based on the optimal buffer threshold. Taking the module production line of a battery workshop of a new energy vehicle factory as the application object, the online energy consumption optimization system of the rework production line of the workshop is designed and developed, and the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are verified.

Most path planning algorithms choose path length as the evaluation criterion for algorithm performance. However, considering the driving and environmental costs, the car’s fuel consumption is also critical. This paper proposes an improved A* algorithm based on fuel consumption. Because there are driving stages and idling stages in the driving process, the latter mainly occurs when the car meets the red lights. Accordingly, we make the same improvement to the A* algorithm; the fuel consumption of each part corresponds to the composition of the evaluation function of the A* algorithm. Finally, we use the abstract map and set different red light proportions to compare the algorithm’s performance. The experimental results show that with the red light proportion increase, the improved A* algorithm can reduce the fuel consumption by up to 16.949% compared with the original A* algorithm.

Several studies have been conducted to reduce the idling noise of circular saws because the sound level is extremely high and harms the environment. However, conventional noise suppression technology only controls the vibrations of the circular saw itself, whereas idling noise can be generated when the air inside the enclosure is resonant. In this study, the relationship between the rotational speeds of the circular saw blade and the frequencies of the resonance sound when the circular saw blade is running idle in an enclosure was examined. Additionally, the sound pressure modes and frequencies of the air in the enclosure were analyzed using the finite element method of acoustic analysis. The results showed that resonance sound was generated only when the circular saw blade was enclosed. The frequencies of the resonance sound generated by a circular saw blade made of acrylic plastic were the same as those generated by a steel saw blade. The resonance sound was generated regardless of the outer diameter of the circular saw blade. The peak resonant frequencies formed a step-like line during the analysis in which the rotational speed of the saw blade was steadily increased.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is critical for the efficient, reliable and safe operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The lifetime of PEM is the main factor restricting the commercialization of PEMFC. The complexity of operating conditions, such as open-circuit/idling, dynamic load and startup-shutdown under automotive conditions, on PEMFC will cause the mechanical and chemical degradation of PEM and affect the service life of PEMFC. In order to understand the degradation behavior and durability of PEM, this paper presents an overview of the degradation failure mechanism and mitigation strategies of PEM. The mechanical and chemical degradation behavior of PEM and its causes, as well as the mitigation strategies are discussed in order to give a direction for PEM design and fuel cell system control strategy. It is proposed as a primary principle in order to further develop and promote the durability of PEM, to focus on the material improvement and system engineering.

Background All light-duty (LD) and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles circulating in the European Union undergo regular checks during mandatory periodic technical inspections (PTI). These inspections promote road safety and environmental protection. Vehicles with defective deNOx aftertreatment systems can result in high emissions of NOx, which is an important air pollutant. The ongoing revision of the “so-called” Roadworthiness Package by the European Commission propose including a new method for measuring NOx from vehicles’ exhaust during PTI (NOx-PTI). Results The results obtained showed an increase in NOx emissions, 8 to 28 times, when the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit was not working. The applicability of the NOx-PTI idling test procedure to Euro VI HD vehicles was also investigated satisfactorily. Furthermore, methods to warm-up the vehicle’s aftertreatment prior to the NOx-PTI idling test, including standing still free accelerations and urban speed drives, as well as systems conditions before the test, were studied. Five different NOx analysers were assessed against reference equipment to ensure the accuracy of NOx measurements to assess their suitability for PTI purposes. The findings indicate that an urban speed drive is suitable for warming up both LD and HD vehicles. The tested analysers appeared to be suitable for use in PTI. Conclusions The high NOx emissions recorded when the SCR unit was not working, and their potential environmental impact, highlight the importance of a PTI test capable of detecting malfunctioning vehicles. The study demonstrated that the idle test procedure, testing conditions, and NOx analysers used were effective in performing a NOx-PTI check on both light- and heavy-duty Diesel vehicles, successfully discriminating between functioning and malfunctioning SCR systems.

In recent years, various companies have started to shift their data services from traditional data centers to the cloud. One of the major motivations is to save on operational costs with the aid of cloud elasticity. This paper discusses an emerging need from financial services to reduce the incidence of idle servers retaining very few user connections, without disconnecting them from the server side. This paper considers this need as a bi-objective online load balancing problem. A neural network based scalable policy is designed to route user requests to varied numbers of servers for the required elasticity. An evolutionary multi-objective training framework is proposed to optimize the weights of the policy. Not only is the new objective of idleness reduced by over 130% more than traditional industrial solutions, but the original load balancing objective itself is also slightly improved. Extensive simulations with both synthetic and real-world data help reveal the detailed applicability of the proposed method to the emergent problem of reducing idleness in financial services.

The Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) characterized widespread and under-sampled combustion sources common to South Asia, including brick kilns, garbage burning, diesel and gasoline generators, diesel groundwater pumps, idling motorcycles, traditional and modern cooking stoves and fires, crop residue burning, and heating fire. Fuel-based emission factors (EFs; with units of pollutant mass emitted per kilogram of fuel combusted) were determined for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals, and organic species. For the forced-draft zigzag brick kiln, EFPM2.5 ranged from 12 to 19 g kg−1 with major contributions from OC (7 %), sulfate expected to be in the form of sulfuric acid (31.9 %), and other chemicals not measured (e.g., particle-bound water). For the clamp kiln, EFPM2.5 ranged from 8 to 13 g kg−1, with major contributions from OC (63.2 %), sulfate (23.4 %), and ammonium (16 %). Our brick kiln EFPM2.5 values may exceed those previously reported, partly because we sampled emissions at ambient temperature after emission from the stack or kiln allowing some particle-phase OC and sulfate to form from gaseous precursors. The combustion of mixed household garbage under dry conditions had an EFPM2.5 of 7.4 ± 1.2 g kg−1, whereas damp conditions generated the highest EFPM2.5 of all combustion sources in this study, reaching up to 125 ± 23 g kg−1. Garbage burning emissions contained triphenylbenzene and relatively high concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Sb), making these useful markers of this source. A variety of cooking stoves and fires fueled with dung, hardwood, twigs, and/or other biofuels were studied. The use of dung for cooking and heating produced higher EFPM2.5 than other biofuel sources and consistently emitted more PM2.5 and OC than burning hardwood and/or twigs; this trend was consistent across traditional mud stoves, chimney stoves, and three-stone cooking fires. The comparisons of different cooking stoves and cooking fires revealed the highest PM emissions from three-stone cooking fires (7.6–73 g kg−1), followed by traditional mud stoves (5.3–19.7 g kg−1), mud stoves with a chimney for exhaust (3.0–6.8 g kg−1), rocket stoves (1.5–7.2 g kg−1), induced-draft stoves (1.2–5.7 g kg−1), and the bhuse chulo stove (3.2 g kg−1), while biogas had no detectable PM emissions. Idling motorcycle emissions were evaluated before and after routine servicing at a local shop, which decreased EFPM2.5 from 8.8 ± 1.3 to 0.71 ± 0.45 g kg−1 when averaged across five motorcycles. Organic species analysis indicated that this reduction in PM2.5 was largely due to a decrease in emission of motor oil, probably from the crankcase. The EF and chemical emissions profiles developed in this study may be used for source apportionment and to update regional emission inventories.

All landowners are obligated to utilize their lands in line with the categories of land use specified in the title document. The issue of idle agricultural land keeps arise and has negatively impacted our country. By law, the government has the power to forfeiture idle agricultural land if the land has been left uncultivated, but it is poorly implemented in order to maintain a good relationship between people and the government. This paper aims to provide a conceptual framework to impose taxes as an enforcement policy to ensure landowners obey the rules at once to avoid land forfeiture. The secondary data includes the application of the act, a review of other countries’ approaches, and the Financial Self-interest Model is used to develop the framework. The analysis indicated that we have legislative pillars, but the issues keep remain meaning that their effectiveness is lacking. By analyzing foreign countries, we can use taxation approaches, and the model is related to compliance behavior which is good in order to overcome the issues. In conclusion, this conceptual framework can be a trigger to alternative enforcement in making sure the landowners obey the rules to utilize their agricultural land and reduce idle agricultural land issues.