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IgY technology refers to the strategic production process involved in generating avian immunoglobulin (IgY) against target antigens in a much more cost-effective manner with broad applications in the fields of diagnostics, prophylaxis, and therapeutics for both human and veterinary medicine. Over the past decade, promising progress in this research area has been evident from the steep increase in the number of registered manufacturing companies involved in the production of IgY products, the number of patents, and the notable number of clinical trials underway. Hence, it is crucial to conduct a prospective analysis of the commercialization and marketing potential of IgY-based commercial products for large-scale applications. This review revealed that the number of IgY patent applications increased steeply after 2010, with the highest of 77 patents filed in 2021. In addition, 73 industries are reportedly involved in marketing IgY products, out of which 27 were promoting biotherapeutics for human and veterinary medicine and 46 were in the diagnostic field. IgY antibodies are being used as primary and secondary antibodies, with approximately 3729 and 846 products, respectively. Biotherapeutic product consumption has notably increased as a food supplement and as a topical application in human and veterinary medicine, which are under different clinical phases of development to reach the market with around 80 and 56 products, respectively. In contrast, the number of IgY products as parenteral administrations and licensed drugs is not well developed given the lack of technical standards established for IgY registration and industrialization, as well as the restriction of the nature of polyclonal antibodies. However, recent ongoing research on functional IgY fragments indicates a promising area for IgY applications in the near future. Therefore, retrospective analysis with speculations is mandatory for IgY technology maturation toward industrialization and commercialization.

Sketching User Experiences approaches design and design thinking as something distinct that needs to be better understood—by both designers and the people with whom they need to work— in order to achieve success with new products and systems. So while the focus is on design, the approach is holistic. Hence, the book speaks to designers, usability specialists, the HCI community, product managers, and business executives. There is an emphasis on balancing the back-end concern with usability and engineering excellence (getting the design right) with an up-front investment in sketching and ideation (getting the right design). Overall, the objective is to build the notion of informed design: molding emerging technology into a form that serves our society and reflects its values. Grounded in both practice and scientific research, Bill Buxton’s engaging work aims to spark the imagination while encouraging the use of new techniques, breathing new life into user experience design.Covers sketching and early prototyping design methods suitable for dynamic product capabilities: cell phones that communicate with each other and other embedded systems, \"smart\" appliances, and things you only imagine in your dreamsThorough coverage of the design sketching method which helps easily build experience prototypes—without the effort of engineering prototypes which are difficult to abandonReaches out to a range of designers, including user interface designers, industrial designers, software engineers, usability engineers, product managers, and othersFull of case studies, examples, exercises, and projects, and access to video clips that demonstrate the principles and methods

A new ultrasensitive immunosensor is proposed based on the covalently attached anti-protein A antibody (IgY) on deposited gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical measurement of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) . Chicken IgY as a capture antibody provides highly selective and specific binding to the target bacteria and selectively captures the S. aureus in its three-dimensional space. Due to that it can eliminate the interference from protein G-producing Streptococcus. In addition, the electron-transfer characteristic of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4−/3− is hindered by this combination; as it is reflected on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves. The proposed immunosensor displays a wide linear dynamic range from 10 to 10 7  CFU mL −1 with a detection limit of 3.3 CFU mL −1 with RSD 3.0%. It is capable to accurately determine S. aureus in milk and human blood serum as a complex matrix sample with satisfactory recovery of ∼ 97–103%. The immunosensor also displays high selectivity over other bacteria and acceptable stability. Presumably, our study can be regarded as the first one to report chicken IgY in order to detect S. aureus based on an electrochemical method. Graphical abstract

Naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs), which are major components of innate immunity, exist in circulation under healthy conditions without prior antigenic stimulation and are able to recognize both self- and non-self-constituents. The present study aimed at identifying potential immunological differences between commercial fast- and slow-growth broilers (n = 555) raised in conventional and free-range systems, respectively, through the use of the specificity, isotypes and levels of circulating NAbs. The possible beneficial effect of oregano-based dietary supplementation was also evaluated. To this end, serum IgM and IgY NAbs against self- (actin and DNA) and non-self- antigens (trinitrophenol and lipopolysaccharide) were measured by ELISA and further correlated with genotype, season and performance. Significantly higher levels of IgM NAbs against all antigens were found in slow-growth compared to fast-growth broilers. IgM NAb levels were also significantly increased in dietarily supplemented slow-growth broilers versus those consuming standard feed. Moreover, significantly elevated levels of anti-DNA IgY NAbs were found in fast-growth compared to slow-growth broilers, whereas the opposite was observed for anti-LPS IgY NAbs. Multivariate linear regression analysis confirmed multiple interactions between NAb levels, genotype, season and performance. Overall, serum NAbs have proven to be valuable innovative immunotools in the poultry industry, efficiently differentiating fast-growing versus slow-growing broilers, and dietary supplementation of plant extracts can enhance natural immunity.

Background Neonatal diarrhea remains one of the main causes of morbi-mortality in dairy calves under artificial rearing. It is often caused by infectious agents of viral, bacterial, or parasitic origin. Cows vaccination and colostrum intake by calves during the first 6 h of life are critical strategies to prevent severe diarrhea but these are still insufficient. Here we report the field evaluation of a product based on IgY antibodies against group A rotavirus (RVA), coronavirus (CoV), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Salmonella sp. This product, named IgY DNT, has been designed as a complementary passive immunization strategy to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea. The quality of the product depends on the titers of specific IgY antibodies to each antigen evaluated by ELISA. In the case of the viral antigens, ELISA antibody (Ab) titers are correlated with protection against infection in calves experimentally challenged with RVA and CoV (Bok M, et al., Passive immunity to control bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina, 2017), (Vega C, et al., Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 142:156–69, 2011), (Vega C, et al., Res Vet Sci, 103:1–10, 2015). To evaluate the efficiency in dairy farms, thirty newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to IgY DNT or control groups and treatment initiated after colostrum intake and gut closure. Calves in the IgY DNT group received 20 g of the oral passive treatment in 2 L of milk twice a day during the first 2 weeks of life. Animals were followed until 3 weeks of age and diarrhea due to natural exposure to infectious agents was recorded during all the experimental time. Results Results demonstrate that the oral administration of IgY DNT during the first 2 weeks of life to newborn calves caused a delay in diarrhea onset and significantly reduced its severity and duration compared with untreated calves. Animals treated with IgY DNT showed a trend towards a delay in RVA infection with significantly shorter duration and virus shedding compared to control calves. Conclusions This indicates that IgY DNT is an effective product to complement current preventive strategies against neonatal calf diarrhea in dairy farms. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the only biological product available for the prevention of virus-associated neonatal calf diarrhea.

Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) is one of the major food-borne pathogenic bacteria that causes epidemic and food poisoning. In this study, a colorimetric sensing platform was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of S. aureus based on the synergy between 3-aminophenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic beads (APBA-MBs) and horseradish peroxidase labeled anti-protein A IgY (HRP-IgY). Target S. aureus bacteria can be captured on the APBA-MBs and then labelled by HRP-IgY through formation of a sandwich structure. Detection of the bacteria then involves oxidation of the colorimetric HRP substrate, thereby converting S. aureus concentrations into a detectable signal. The optimized method can be performed within 120 min, with a detection limit of 9.4 × 10 2  CFU/mL . The proposed strategy was successfully applied to detection of S. aureus in spring water and apple juice samples. The dual-recognition platform showed selectivity towards S. aureus , and other common foodborne pathogens yielded negative results. The incorporation of IgY into the proposed strategy can address the lack of selectivity observed in previously reported APBA-based methods. Our strategy has potential as a versatile platform for the sensitive detection of various bacteria using corresponding IgY.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the cause of an economically important highly contagious disease of poultry, and vaccines are regarded as the most beneficial interventions for its prevention. In this study, plants were used to produce a recombinant chimeric IBDV antigen for the formulation of an innovative subunit vaccine. The fusion protein (PD-FcY) was designed to combine the immunodominant projection domain (PD) of the viral structural protein VP2 with the constant region of avian IgY (FcY), which was selected to enhance antigen uptake by avian immune cells. The gene construct encoding the fusion protein was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and an extraction/purification protocol was set up, allowing to reduce the contamination by undesired plant compounds/proteins. Mass spectrometry analysis of the purified protein revealed that the glycosylation pattern of the FcY portion was similar to that observed in native IgY, while in vitro assays demonstrated the ability of PD-FcY to bind to the avian immunoglobulin receptor CHIR-AB1. Preliminary immunization studies proved that PD-FcY was able to induce the production of protective anti-IBDV-VP2 antibodies in chickens. In conclusion, the proposed fusion strategy holds promises for the development of innovative low-cost subunit vaccines for the prevention of avian viral diseases.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 is an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. It is essential to evaluate the expression of CYP2E1 in the studies of drug-drug interactions and the screening of drugs, natural products, and foodstuffs. The present work is a feasibility study on the development of immunoassays using a specific and sensitive chicken-sourced anti-CYP2E1 IgY antibody. Cloning, expression, and purification of a recombinant CYP2E1 (mice origin) protein were carried out. Anti-CYP2E1 IgY antibodies were generated by immunizing white Leghorn chickens with purified recombinant CYP2E1 protein and were purified by immune affinity chromatography. The IgY titer attained a peak level (≥1:128,000) after the fifth booster injection. For evaluation of the expression of CYP2E1 in different herbal treatment samples, the mice were treated by oral gavage for 3 days with alcohol (50% 15 mL/kg), acetaminophen (APAP, 300 mg/kg), extract (100 mg/kg), Alhagi-honey extract (100 mg/kg), extract (100 mg/kg), hyperoside (50 mg/kg), isoquercetin (50 mg/kg), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (50 mg/kg), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (50 mg/kg), and 3,4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (50 mg/kg). The expression of CYP2E1 was determined by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) using anti-CYP2E1 IgY in liver tissue. The results showed that extract, Alhagi-honey extract, extract, hyperoside, isoquercetin, and their xenobiotics 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3,4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid significantly decreased CYP2E1 levels. Alcohol and APAP treatments significantly increased CYP2E1 levels as analyzed with Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. The IMB method is suitable for large-scale screening, and it is a rapid screening (20 min) that uses a portable magnet and has no professional requirements for the operator, which makes it useful for on-the-spot analysis. Considering these results, the anti-CYP2E1 IgY could be applied as a novel research tool in screening for the CYP2E1 inhibitor/enhancer.

Antibodies deposited in the avian egg have been found to be a platform for the production of a diverse array of safe commercial products for improving animal health and the efficiency of their production. This review provides over 20 years of experience and comments on the production, storage, stabilisation and use of egg yolk antibodies. Host targeted immuno-therapies presented in this review provides the reader with new areas of research and discovery. Standards for vaccination protocols, methods of isolating and storing the antibodies are also presented. Areas needing to advance the commercial use of egg antibodies, including methods to improve antibody titre, methods to heat stabilise the antibody molecule, and the identification of new uses and targets are also discussed. Examples of successful uses of egg antibodies as feed additives are also presented.