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Historic districts are integral components of urban space, possessing diverse ecosystems that can offer various cultural services to the public. Urbanization and tourism development have led to the degradation of the ecological landscapes within historic districts, impacting sustainable development. Incorporating Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) into the environmental research of historic districts can meet people's spiritual needs, enhance intangible benefits for humanity, and promote the conservation of the ecological environment within historic districts. Therefore, this study conducted perceptual quantification research on CES in four typical historic districts in Fuzhou City, crawling the online comment data through Python, mined its potential themes using Biterm Topic Model (BTM), and extracted and categorized the indicators of CES of historic districts by combining with expert consultation; meanwhile, the satisfaction of CES of historic districts is further explored with the help of two methods, namely, sentiment analysis and Importance-Performance analysis (IPA), and summarized the public perception of CES of historic districts. The results of the study show that: (1) the dimensions of public perception of CES in urban historic districts include Cultural Heritage, Leisure Tourism, Aesthetic Enjoyment, Spiritual Fulfillment, Inspiration, and Science Education six indicators, of which Leisure Tourism is most easily perceived by the public, but its satisfaction is not high; (2) the public's perception of positive emotions towards the CES of historic districts in Fuzhou is greater than negative emotions, with positive emotions accounting for 80.61%; (3) the public's overall satisfaction with the CES of Fuzhou's historic districts is high, and according to the final analysis results of the IPA, the four historic districts of Fuzhou are respectively proposed to improve the opinions. Based on big data, this study explores the public perception characteristics of CES in Fuzhou historic districts to promote its sustainable development and improve public well-being, which is of great significance to protecting the ecological environment of historic districts and improving the quality of cultural services.

Purpose: To explore the evaluation between tourists' and residents' satisfaction with the tool of Importance-Satisfaction Analysis originally introduced by Importance-Performance Analysis. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted at Anseong Matchum Land, the venue of the festival, and respondents were selected by the convenience sampling method. Also, rest areas at the festival site were used for data collection and 309 out of 400 were judged to be valid. Included in the questionnaires was a series of Likert-type questions about the respondent's satisfaction with 18 attributes of the festival and the importance of these attributes to overall satisfaction with the festival. Findings: The results of this research show that the average degree of importance for the 18 attributes is 3.89, and the degree of satisfaction is 3.02. The result identified that parking lot, rest area, and washroom were found included in \"Concentrate Here\" quadrant of the ISA matrix as needed to prior management in this festival. Research limitations/implications: This study tried to look into local heritage festival regarding comparative perception between festival goers and local residents with ISA to provide that actual problems and potential solutions to the decision-makers of the city to make a sustainable festival. However, it is difficult to extend the results of this festival to other festivals and further research is needed in the future. Originality/value: This research tried to find out the gap between perceived Importance and Satisfaction and to identify actual management problems regarding facilities and services of the festival by ISA analysis originally introduced by Importance-Performance Analysis. This study suggested what festival organizers should prepare for the festival that will be activated after the Covid 19 pandemic.

Wetland ecosystems with proper functioning provide various ecosystem services. Therefore, their conservation and restoration are of fundamental importance for sustainable development. This study used a deep learning model for groundwater level prediction to evaluate a wetland restoration project implemented in the Kushiro Wetland in Japan. The Kushiro Wetland had been degraded due to river improvement work. However, in 2010, a wetland restoration project was carried out to restore the meandering river channel, and a decade has passed since its completion. In this study, the wetland restoration project was evaluated by comparing the response of the groundwater level using a model that reproduced physical conditions with different characteristics before and after the restoration. At first, a deep learning model was created to predict groundwater levels pre- and post-restoration of a meandering river channel using observation data. Long short-term memory (LSTM) was used as the deep learning model. The most important aspect of this study was that LSTM was trained for each of the pre- and post-restoration periods when the hydrological and geological characteristics changed due to the river channel’s restoration. The trained LSTM model achieved high performance with a prediction error of the groundwater levels within 0.162 m at all observation points. Next, the LSTM models trained with the observation data of the post-restoration period were applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the meandering channel restoration. The results indicated that the meandering channel restoration improved hydrological processes in groundwater levels, i.e., their rainfall response and average groundwater water levels. Furthermore, the variable importance analysis of the explanatory variables in the LSTM model showed that river discharge and precipitation significantly contributed to groundwater level recovery in the Kushiro Wetland. These results indicated that the LSTM model could learn the differences in hydrological and geological characteristics’ changes due to channel restoration to groundwater levels. Furthermore, LSTM is a data-driven deep learning model, and by learning hydrological and geological conditions to identify factors that may affect groundwater levels, LSTM has the potential to become a powerful analysis method that can be used for environmental management and conservation issues.

Rural tourists satisfaction has a pivotal role in the development of sustainable rural tourism. As a method of identifying critical satisfaction factors, an importance and performance analysis (IPA) technique has attracted growing interest from academics due to it being able to deliver the importance and performance of a product’s attributes from the standpoint of customers. However, IPA is based on the presumption that a linear and symmetrical relationship exists between the performance and overall satisfaction, which has been criticized by many researchers due to its deviation from the facts. On measurement of importance, researchers have not reached an agreement on whether direct or indirect approach should be applied. To measure satisfaction more effectively, this study presents a revised IPA method that integrates IPA, conjoint analysis and importance grid analysis. Based on mathematical psychology and psychometrics theory, the conjoint analysis method can be used to analyze multi-attributes of various products and derive relative importance of attributes in customer satisfaction research. The importance grid analysis method has been applied to categorize attributes by many researchers. It can be used to measure the nonlinear relationship between the performance of attributes and overall satisfaction. In this paper, an empirical study on rural tourists’ satisfaction was undertaken using this integrated method. The results show that the integrated approach is more responsive to attribute performance, thus allowing for improvement of a certain target attribute in the customer satisfaction enhancement process.

Our study explored the utility of using Importance-Satisfaction Analysis (ISA) to identify critical attributes to deer management cooperative (DMC) member satisfaction. With white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus) management by landowners becoming an increasingly popular conservation tool, DMCs represent an approach by private landowners and hunters to collaboratively improve deer herds and hunting quality. Deer management cooperatives are a group of landowners and hunters voluntarily working together to improve the quality of wildlife, habitat, and hunting experiences on their collective acreage. Deer management cooperatives show promise in providing dual benefits to hunter satisfaction and large-scale conservation efforts such as increasing habitat connectivity. Heterogeneity of satisfaction for deer hunting is well-documented and DMC member satisfaction is an important factor in member retention and recruitment. We surveyed 2,817 members of 45 DMCs across five states (Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, New York, and Texas) using ISA methodology to better understand their satisfaction with their experience. Hunters’ responses (n = 459) to the 22 attributes measured were segmented by their divergent motivations for DMC membership, resulting in four unique clusters for comparison (Solitude Members, Social Members, Representative Members, and Quality Harvest Members). Our results indicated that motivations for membership influenced importance and satisfaction ratings, further elucidating that multiple types of hunters and members exist within DMC networks. Areas of agreement among the four DMC clusters were the need for Neighbors to follow Quality Deer Management practices, that DMCs are performing well on members Seeing deer and Co-op members sharing similar harvest goals, and that Preventing crop damage and the Lease value of the DMC property are low priorities. However, there was little agreement in quadrant placement among the four membership clusters for the remaining 17 attributes indicating the importance of DMCs understanding their individual members’ motivations for joining. By retaining satisfied members, DMCs can continue to provide the hunting quality expected as well as the tangential conservation benefits.

Taiwan's declining birth rate and the lack of personnel in the national army have worsened. In particular, the loss of human resources caused by the lack of career competitiveness among national army officers has been increasing daily. Effective career competitiveness not only aligns personal interests with job roles but also enhances self-confidence and increases workplace value. The professional competitiveness of military officers depends on the nurturing of the Military Academy Education System (MAES), which involves the comprehensive consideration and evaluation of individual performance such as university education (UE), sport and combat ability (SCA), and military skill (MS); it is a complex multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problem. However, the current method fails to effectively consider individual attributes, which may result in cadets being assigned to unsuitable units or positions, leading them to consider retirement and thereby weakening national defense capabilities. To solve this problem, this research integrated the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) and three-dimensional importance-performance analysis method to propose a novel three-dimensional TOPSIS (3D-TOPSIS) model, aimed at improving the evaluation process of cadets’ career competitiveness. The results demonstrate that this model accurately assesses cadets' attributes and distribution, providing valuable insights for personnel assignments and the allocation of educational resources.

This research conducts a meaningful comparison of self-reported importance and satisfaction in various life domains to promote the understanding of subjective well-being (SWB). Results from a nationwide telephone survey with regard to 12 indicators of well-being in Taiwan suggest that satisfaction attitude rating does incorporate the judgment of importance among SWB indicators. We further reveal different patterns of association, similarity, and discrepancy between importance and satisfaction across SWB indicators by performing both explanatory and confirmatory analyses. All the various analytical results lead to crucial meanings for interpreting the general level of SWB, especially under a cultural context such as Taiwan society. The adapted Importance-Performance analysis classifies the SWB measurements into four meaningful quadrants according to the importance and satisfaction scores. Applying a regression modelling strategy, we explore how importance judgment together with other demographic factors influences the satisfaction attitude and further verify what potential factors relate to their discrepancy. Graphical analyses enhance the presentation.

The study gets a better understanding of social interactions in package tours by identifying (1) forms of social interactions among tourists, between tourists and tour guides; (2) factors influencing these interactions; and (3) the importance and performance of these forms of interactions contributing to tourists’ tour experience. Using a mixed-method approach, combining interviews, field observations, and a questionnaire survey administered to Vietnamese package tourists (n=618), the study identified ten common forms of social interactions between tourists and eight common forms between tourists and tour guides. The majority of tourist-to-tourist interactions were found to be social-oriented, while most tourist-to-tour guide interactions were service-oriented. Factors influencing these interactions are tour guide performance and situational factors of the tours. Drawing on the results of the importance-performance analysis, the identified forms were categorized into four dimensions that reflect their roles in enhancing tourists’ tour experiences. The study's findings significantly contribute to the literature on social interactions and tourist experience co-creation and offer valuable practical implications for tourism marketing and management practitioners to foster a safer and more meaningful environment during tours in the post-pandemic era.

Background The six core competencies of ACGME - patient care (PC), medical knowledge (MK), system s -based practice (SBP), practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI), professionalism (PROF), and interpersonal and communication skills (ICS) - represent domains in which physicians must ultimately demonstrate competence. Although the ACGME’s six core competencies have been applied in Taiwan with the milestone project, the application of the six core competences in the Family Medicine milestones for residency training have not yet been established. Methods We recruited 61 family medicine physicians from 25 hospitals from four major geographic areas for a Delphi round one survey and 72 physicians from 27 hospitals for a Delphi round two survey. With 5-point scales, the Cronbach’s alphas for both importance and fitness were 0.98 in round one. In round two, the Cronbach’s alphas were 0.86 and 0.83 for importance and fitness. The mode and quartile deviation in Delphi method, importance-performance analysis (IPA), and importance-performance matrix analysis (IPMA) were used for three stages IPA process. Results In IPA, a total of 72.7% (16/22) of the sub-competencies exhibited high importance and fitness, with a mean score ≥ 4.7; the exceptions were PC-1 (cares for acutely ill or injured patients), MK-2 (critical thinking skills in patient care), SBP-1 (cost-conscious medical care), PBLI-3 (improves systems), PROF-3 (humanism/cultural proficiency), and ICS-4 (utilizes technology). In IPMA, the performance value of six core competencies for FMM-Taiwan was 92.6 when considering the importance and fitness indices of the 22 sub-competencies. Conclusions The accordance of the ACGME’s milestones to Taiwan was acceptable to good and related milestones could been developed for residency training.

Human–wildlife coexistence requires context‐specific strategies that accommodate diverse community needs in landscapes where heterogeneous communities live in proximity to protected areas and wildlife. This study evaluates community priorities for eight coexistence strategies using importance‐performance analysis across four management sectors of Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We documented a significant spatial variation among the management sectors (H = 34.638–243.425, all p < 0.001): Madi (Southern Sector) prioritized rapid response teams (12.5% of strategies classified as high priority), Sauraha (Eastern Sector) emphasized technology integration and community funding (25% as high priority), while Amaltari (Western Sector) focused on partnership diversification, integration of indigenous knowledge with science, and community funding (37.5% as high priority). In contrast, Kasara (Northern Sector) showed no clear preferences for specific strategies. Agriculture‐dependent sectors demonstrated distinct priorities compared to tourism‐dependent ones, with agriculture‐dependent communities facing disproportionately higher conflict intensities. Community funding emerged as a shared priority only in tourism‐dependent sectors. These findings demonstrate that uniform coexistence strategies are inadequate for spatially and socioeconomically heterogeneous protected areas. This study provides protected area managers globally with a sector‐specific framework and evidence‐based guidance for adapting interventions to local socioecological contexts, thereby enhancing both conservation effectiveness and community support. सारांश मानव र वन्यजन्तुबीच सहअस्तित्वका लागि स्थानीय सन्दर्भमा आधारित रणनीतिहरू आवश्यक हुन्छन्, जसले संरक्षित क्षेत्र तथा वन्यजन्तुको आसपास बसोबास गर्ने विविध समुदायहरूका फरक‐फरक आवश्यकताहरूलाई सम्बोधन गर्छन्। यस अध्ययनले नेपालको चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्‍जका चारवटा प्रशासनिक क्षेत्र (सेक्टर) हरूमा सहअस्तित्वका आठवटा  रणनीतिहरूको महत्व‐सम्पादन विश्‍लेषण (Importance‐Performance Analysis) विधि प्रयोग गरेर  लागि समुदायका प्राथमिकताहरूको मूल्यांकन गरेको छ। चितवनका चारवटा सेक्टरहरुबीचको प्राथमिकतामा भिन्‍नता देखिएको छ (H = 34.638–243.425, सबै p < 0.001): माडी सेक्टर (दक्षिणी क्षेत्र) मा द्रुत प्रतिक्रिया टोलीहरूको परिचालनलाई प्राथमिकता दिइएको छ (रणनीतिहरूको १२.५% उच्‍च प्राथमिकतामा वर्गीकृत), सौराहा सेक्टर (पूर्वी क्षेत्र) मा प्रविधिको प्रयोग  र समुदायिक कोषलाई जोड दिइएको छ (२५% उच्‍च प्राथमिकतामा), तथा अमल्टारी सेक्टर (पश्‍चिमी क्षेत्र) मा साझेदारीको विविधीकरण, आदिवासी र  वैज्ञानिक ज्ञानको एकिकृत उपयोग र समुदाय कोषमा ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्नुपर्ने देखिएको छ (३७.५% उच्‍च प्राथमिकतामा)। यसको विपरीत, कसरा सेक्टर (उत्तरी क्षेत्र) मा कुनै पनि विशेष रणनीतिका लागि स्पष्ट प्राथमिकता देखिएन। कृषि‐निर्भर क्षेत्रहरूले पर्यटन‐निर्भर क्षेत्रहरूभन्दा फरक प्राथमिकताहरू प्रदर्शन गरेका छन्, जहाँ कृषि‐निर्भर समुदायहरूले मानव‐वन्यजन्तु द्वन्द्वको असर असमान रूपमा बढी बेहोरेका छन्। पर्यटन‐निर्भर क्षेत्रहरूमा मात्र समुदायिक कोषको स्थापना साझा प्राथमिकताको रूपमा देखिएको छ। यी नतिजाहरूले प्रमाणित गर्छन् कि स्थानीय तथा सामाजिक‐आर्थिक रूपमा विविधता भएका संरक्षित क्षेत्रहरूमा एकै प्रकारका सहअस्तित्व रणनीतिहरू पर्याप्त हुँदैनन्। यो अध्ययनले संरक्षित क्षेत्र व्यवस्थापकहरूलाई क्षेत्र‐विशेष ढाँचा तथा प्रमाण‐आधारित मार्गदर्शन प्रदान गर्छ, जसले स्थानीय सामाजिक‐पारिस्थिति अनुसार सुधारका पहलहरूलाई सान्दर्भिक बनाउन सहयोग पुर्‍याउँछ, जसले संरक्षणको प्रभावकारिता तथा समुदायको समर्थन दुवैलाई वृद्दि गर्छ। This study examines community priorities for human–wildlife coexistence strategies across four administrative sectors of Chitwan National Park, Nepal, revealing marked differences among sectors. Results show that local communities in different sectors have distinct needs and expectations, indicating that uniform approaches are insufficient and that tailored, sector‐specific management is required. These findings provide a practical foundation for designing coexistence strategies that strengthen both wildlife conservation and human wellbeing within a single protected area.