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Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil , first published in 2006, concerns what is entailed by pledging allegiance to a constitutional text and tradition saturated with concessions to evil. The Constitution of the United States was originally understood as an effort to mediate controversies between persons who disputed fundamental values, and did not offer a vision of the good society. In order to form a 'more perfect union' with slaveholders, late-eighteenth-century citizens fashioned a constitution that plainly compelled some injustices and was silent or ambiguous on other questions of fundamental right. This constitutional relationship could survive only as long as a bisectional consensus was required to resolve all constitutional questions not settled in 1787. Dred Scott challenges persons committed to human freedom to determine whether antislavery northerners should have provided more accommodations for slavery than were constitutionally strictly necessary or risked the enormous destruction of life and property that preceded Lincoln's new birth of freedom.

In Part I of Christianity and History, the author asks whether the committed Christian should be more conscious than the uncommitted of some meaning in history. In answering this he offers a critique of Arnold Toynbee and makes some penetrating observations on the teaching of history. Part II is concerned with the author's special field-the Protestant Reformation and its origins. Calvinism, with its dynamic sense of the historical process, receives special treatment, and there is a brilliant essay on Machiavelli and Thomas More. Three of the essays included in this new book appear here for the first time. Originally published in 1964. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Through detailed case studies on Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, Spalding examines the debate surrounding the adoption of CAFTA alongside the simultaneous changes to the economic and political landscape of Central America at the turn of this century.

During the 1840s and 1850s, a dangerous ferment afflicted the North-South border region, pitting the slave states of Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri against the free states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Aspects of this struggle--the underground railroad, enforcement of the fugitive slave laws, mob actions, and sectional politics--are well known as parts of other stories. Here, Stanley Harrold explores the border struggle itself, the dramatic incidents that it comprised, and its role in the complex dynamics leading to the Civil War.Border Warexamines the previously neglected cross-border clash of attitudes and traditions dating many generations back. By the mid-nineteenth century, nowhere else were tensions greater between antislavery and proslavery interests. Nowhere else was there more direct conflict between the forces binding North and South together and those driving them apart. There were mass slave escapes, battles between antislavery and proslavery vigilantes, and fierce resistance in the Border North to the kidnapping of free African Americans. There were also fights throughout the borderlands between fugitive slaves and those attempting to apprehend them. Harrold argues that, during the 1850s, warfare on the Kansas-Missouri line and John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, were manifestations of a more pervasive border conflict that helped push the Lower South into secession and helped persuade most of the Border South to stand by the Union.

Structural analysis and construction control of staged-construction processes are major subjects in the context of modern long-span bridges. Although the forward and backward analysis methods are able to simulate situations, their main disadvantage is that they usually apply the stage superposition principle. In the actual construction process, due to changes made to the plan, the construction process needs to be adjusted at any time, and it is difficult to implement the construction process in complete accordance with the established plan. As a result, the existing simulation method based on the incremental structural analysis of each construction stage has poor adaptability to such adjustments. In this study, considering the strong geometric nonlinear behavior of the long-span cable-stayed bridge construction process, the geometrically nonlinear mechanical equations of the staged-construction bar system structure were derived. The minimum potential energy theorem was used by introducing the concept of the stress-free-state variable of the structural elements. The equation reflects the influence of the change in the stress-free-state variables of structural elements on the completion state of the structure. From the analysis of the geometrical condition that the equilibrium equation holds, the stress-free installation condition of the closing section of the planar beam element structure was obtained. A new simulation method for long-span cable-stayed bridge construction has been proposed, which is called the stress-free-state forward analysis. This method can directly obtain the intermediate process state of cable-stayed bridge construction without performing stage-by-stage demolition calculations, and causing the internal force and deformation of the completion state to reach the design target state. This method can realize the simulation of multi-process parallel operation in construction, and solves the problem of automatic filtering of temporary loads. To illustrate the application of the method, a long-span cable-stayed bridge was analyzed.

Structural analysis and construction control of staged construction process is a major subject for modern long-span bridges. This paper introduces the concept of stress-free-state variable of structural elements and deduces the mechanical equilibrium equations and geometric shape governing equations for staged construction structures utilizing the minimum potential energy theorem. As the core of stress-free-state theory, the two aforementioned equations demonstrate following principles, 1) when the stress-free-state variable of a structural element is set, the internal force and deformation of the element are unique at the completion state of the structure regardless of its construction process; 2) the stress-free length of a cable is independent of its external loads, change in stress-free length of the cable corresponds to a unique variation of the cable force when load is constant; and 3) the internal force of a structural element can be independent from its geometric shape within the completion state of a staged construction structure through an active manipulation of stress-free-state variables of the element. Stress-free-state theory establishes the stage-to-stage and stage-to-completion relationships for staged construction bridges, provides a direct and efficient method for theoretical calculations and a flexible and convenient approach for the control of staged construction, and makes parallel construction and auto-filtering of thermal and temporary loading effect possible.

Contrary to popular perception, slavery persisted in the North well into the nineteenth century. This was especially the case in New Jersey, the last northern state to pass an abolition statute, in 1804. Because of the nature of the law, which freed children born to enslaved mothers only after they had served their mother's master for more than two decades, slavery continued in New Jersey through the Civil War. Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 finally destroyed its last vestiges. The Ragged Road to Abolitionchronicles the experiences of slaves and free blacks, as well as abolitionists and slaveholders, during slavery's slow northern death. Abolition in New Jersey during the American Revolution was a contested battle, in which constant economic devastation and fears of freed blacks overrunning the state government limited their ability to gain freedom. New Jersey's gradual abolition law kept at least a quarter of the state's black population in some degree of bondage until the 1830s. The sustained presence of slavery limited African American community formation and forced Jersey blacks to structure their households around multiple gradations of freedom while allowing New Jersey slaveholders to participate in the interstate slave trade until the 1850s. Slavery's persistence dulled white understanding of the meaning of black freedom and helped whites to associate \"black\" with \"slave,\" enabling the further marginalization of New Jersey's growing free black population. By demonstrating how deeply slavery influenced the political, economic, and social life of blacks and whites in New Jersey, this illuminating study shatters the perceived easy dichotomies between North and South or free states and slave states at the onset of the Civil War.

Kinesin motors use ATP to produce force in cells, yet the conformational changes that generate force remain uncertain. Here, we report structural and mechanistic insights into a minus-end-directed kinesin-14 that exhibits increased mechanical output – the variant motor binds microtubules more tightly and moves with faster velocity than wild type. High-resolution structures, together with molecular dynamics simulations, reveal previously unobserved transitions in the nucleotide hydrolysis cycle. ADP release, triggered by microtubule binding, is coupled to twisting of the central β-sheet and stabilization of the stalk prior to the power stroke. ATP binding induces stalk fluctuations and a swing of the neck mimic, an element analogous to the kinesin-1 neck linker, resembling neck linker docking in plus-end-directed kinesins. The power stroke, characterized by a large stalk rotation, is followed by motor detachment from microtubules. The subsequent recovery stroke occurs while the motor is bound to ADP and free Pi, accompanied by β-strand-to-loop transitions, or β-sheet melting, implying that β-sheet refolding facilitates Pi release. The observed twisting and melting identify the central β-sheet as the long-sought elastic element or spring required for motor force production. The transitions we observe in kinesin-14 may also apply to other kinesins – this remains to be tested.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and sensitivity of cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at ultrahigh magnetic field of 7 T. THP-1-induced macrophages were labeled using self-assembling heparin + protamine + ferumoxytol nanocomplexes which were injected into a gelatin phantom visible on both microscope and MRI. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) pulse sequences were applied at 3 and 7 T. The average, maximum intensity projection, and root mean square combined images were generated for phase-cycled bSSFP images. The signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) efficiencies were calculated. Ex vivo experiments were then performed using a formalin-fixed pig brain injected witĥ100 and ~1,000 labeled cells, respectively, at both 3 and 7 T. A high cell labeling efficiency (.90%) was achieved with heparin + protamine + ferumoxytol nanocomplexes. Less than 100 cells were detectable in the gelatin phantom at both 3 and 7 T. The 7 T data showed more than double CNR efficiency compared to the corresponding sequences at 3 T. The CNR efficiencies of phase-cycled bSSFP images were higher compared to those of SWI, and the root mean square combined bSSFP showed the highest CNR efficiency with minimal banding. Following co-registration of microscope and MR images, more cells (51/63) were detected by bSSFP at 7 T than at 3 T (36/63). On pig brain, botĥ100 and ~1,000 cells were detected at 3 and 7 T. While the cell size appeared larger due to blooming effects on SWI, bSSFP allowed better contrast to precisely identify the location of the cells with higher signal-to-noise ratio efficiency. The proposed cellular MRI with ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at 7 T has a high sensitivity to detect, 100 cells. The proposed method has great translational potential and may have broad clinical applications that involve cell types with a primary phagocytic phenotype.

Poverty is a multi-dimensional socio-economic problem in most sub-Saharan African countries. The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between household size and poverty in low-income communities. The Northern Free State region in South Africa was selected as the study region. A sample of approximately 2 900 households was randomly selected within 12 poor communities in the region. A poverty line was calculated and 74% of all households were found to live below the poverty line. The Pearson's chi-square test indicated a positive relationship between household size and poverty in eleven of the twelve low-income communities. Households below the poverty line presented larger households than those households above the poverty line. This finding is in contradiction with some findings in other African countries due to the fact that South Africa has higher levels of modernisation with less access to land for subsistence farming. Effective provision of basic needs, community facilities and access to assets such as land could assist poor households with better quality of life. Poor households also need to be granted access to economic opportunities, while also receiving adult education regarding financial management and reproductive health. La pauvreté est un problème socio-économique multidimensionnel dans la plupart des pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Le but de cette étude est d'analyser des rapports entre la taille du ménage et la pauvreté dans des communautés à faible revenu. Le nord de la province de Free State en Afrique du Sud a été choisi pour cette étude. Un échantillon environ de 2900 ménages a été aléatoirement sélectionné dans 12 communautés pauvres de la région. Apres avoir calculé un seuil de pauvreté monétaire, on a constaté que 74% de tous les ménages vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. Le test de Khi-deux de Pearson a indiqué un rapport positif entre la taille du ménage et la pauvreté sur onze parmi les 12 communautés pauvres. La pauvreté est accentuée particulièrement parmi les ménages de large taille par rapport aux ménages de petite taille. Ces résultats obtenus contredisent quelques résultats dans d'autres pays Africains par le fait qu'en Afrique du Sud la modernisation est très avancés avec moins d'accès à la terre pour l'agriculture de subsistance. Une efficace fourniture des besoins de base, les aménagements communautaires et l'accès à des actifs tels que la terre pourraient aider les ménages pauvres de mener une meilleure vie. Les ménages pauvres ont également besoins d'accès aux opportunités économiques, à part de l'éducation en matière de la gestion financière et la santé reproductive.