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Background Tobacco use and alcohol consumption are still important risk factors for head and neck cancer (HNC) in developing countries, even though decreasing in tobacco prevalence. Recently, an increased incidence of oropharyngeal cancer due to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection has attracted attention in advanced countries, including the United States and Europe. However, few studies have evaluated trends in the incidence of HNC by subsite in Japan. Methods Accordingly, we evaluated these trends in Japan using data from population‐based cancer registries. We compiled population‐based incidence data from the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan Project, based on data from 19 population‐based cancer registries. Number of incident cases and age‐standardized incidence rates of HNC were estimated by subsite, namely lip, oral cavity, salivary glands, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, nasal and paranasal cavity, middle ear and NOS. Trends in agestandardized incidence rates were characterized using the Joinpoint analysis. Results Among both sexes, oral cavity cancer, salivary gland cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer showed an upward trend (oral cavity: annual percent change (APC) 1.2% for men and APC 1.9% for women; salivary gland: APC 2.2% for men and APC 3.1% for women; oropharynx: APC 5.0% for men and APC 7.6% for women). Additionally, hypopharyngeal cancer showed an upward trend for men (APC 4.1%), and nasopharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer showed a downward trend for men (nasopharynx: APC −2.7%; larynx: −1.1%). Conclusions These findings will assist in focusing on the individual prevention of HNC. This article describe trends in the incidence of head and neck cancer by subsite between 1993 and 2015 in Japan. These findings could assist in focusing on the individual prevention of head and neck cancer in Japan.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic hematologic disease globally and children with SCD are at increased risk for pneumococcal disease. We utilized data from population-based enhanced surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children <18 years of age in Massachusetts from 2002 to 2020. We calculated incidence rates (IR) among children with SCD using bootstrapping resampling and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for pre- and post-PCV13 periods. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated as 100*(1-IRR), and PCV13 vaccine failure probability was predicted using a random forest model. Children with SCD had higher IR during both pre−/post-PCV13 periods compared with otherwise healthy children 240.0/100,000 versus 4.6/100,000 in pre-PCV13 period (2002–2009); 172.7/100,000 versus 1.9/100,000 in post-PCV13 period (2011−2020), respectively. After widespread use of PCV7 for a decade, a modest reduction of 28.1 % (95% CI 25.9–37.2%) in the incidence of overall IPD during the post-PCV13 period was observed in children with SCD, whereas a more substantial 59.5% (96% CI 57.8–61.4%) reduction was observed in otherwise healthy children. There was a 60.8% (95% CI 55.2%-NA) reduction in the incidence of VST13 IPD in children with SCD and an 83.0% (95% CI 80.67–85.63%) reduction in children without underlying health condition. Overall, 61.1% of the remaining IPD among children with SCD were due to non-PCV13 serotypes (8, 10A, 15A,15B, 22F, 23B), many of which are included in expanded valency vaccines. Children with SCD continue to have higher rates of IPD compared with otherwise healthy children despite vaccination. Majority of the remaining disease is due to serotypes not included in vaccine formulations that have been used for the last two decades. Our study highlights the potential value of expanded valency vaccines and importance of risk-based vaccination strategies tailored for this vulnerable population.

In order to explore melanoma risk factors through gender-, age-, race-, and site-specific incidence rates, malignant melanoma cases from the Caucasian whites and non-whites were retrieved from the US SEER database. Age-standardized, age-, and site-specific tumor rates were calculated. All races and both genders showed positive annual average percentage changes (AAPCs) over the years, but AAPCs varied at different body sites, with men’s trunk exhibiting the fastest increase. Non-whites were diagnosed at a significantly younger age than whites and showed a trend towards fewer gender differences in the age of diagnosis. However, non-whites and whites showed a similar pattern of age-specific gender differences in the incidence rate ratios. A consistent spiked difference (female vs. male, incidence rate ratio (IRR) >2) was observed at or near the age of 20–24 in all race groups and at all body sites. The highest female vs. male IRR was found in the hip and lower extremities, and the lowest IRR was found in the head and neck region in all races. These race-, gender-, and site-dependent differences suggest that age-associated cumulative sun exposure weighs significantly more in late-onset melanomas, while genetics and/or pathophysiological factors make important contributions to early-onset melanomas.

Introduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus that infects the body. Dengue is a common viral infection in warm tropical climates. The infection is caused by one of four closely related dengue viruses. The disease now plagues many countries and even more than 100 countries within the WHO, including Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. The Americas, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific are the most severely affected regions, with Asia representing 70% of the global disease burden. The high incidence rate of DHF in various regions of Indonesia is the background by several factors, one of which is the density of the seaters. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between population density and larvae free index and Incidence Rate (IR) Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Blitar Regency in 2013-2017. Methods: The data were analyzed quantitatively using Spearman correlation tests to analyze relationships between variables. Result: The results of the analysis found there was no correlation between dengue fever incidence rate and larvae free index (p = 0.603 r = -0.117), and there was a correlation between the incidence rate of dengue fever and population density (p = 0.002 r = 0.619). Conclusion:  High population density is a risk factor for DHF events in Blitar Regency, so there needs to be an anticipation of preventive measures such as the implementation of 3M and counseling of the impact of high population density.

Infectious respiratory diseases are highly contagious and very common, and thus can be considered as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We followed up the incidence rates (IRs) of eight infectious respiratory diseases, including chickenpox, measles, pertussis, mumps, invasive pneumococcal disease, scarlet fever, rubella, and meningococcal disease, after COVID-19 mitigation measures were implemented in South Korea, and then compared those with the IRs in the corresponding periods in the previous 3 years. Overall, the IRs of these diseases before and after age- or sex-standardization significantly decreased in the intervention period compared with the pre-intervention periods (p < 0.05 for all eight diseases). However, the difference in the IRs of all eight diseases between the IRs before and after age-standardization was significant (p < 0.05 for all periods), while it was not significant with regard to sex-standardization. The incidence rate ratios for eight diseases in the pre-intervention period compared with the intervention period ranged from 3.1 to 4.1. These results showed the positive effects of the mitigation measures on preventing the development of respiratory infectious diseases, regardless of age or sex, but we need to consider the age-structure of the population to calculate the effect size. In the future, some of these measures could be applied nationwide to prevent the occurrence or to reduce the transmission during outbreaks of these infections. This study provides evidence for strengthening the infectious disease management policies in South Korea.

Background This cross-sectional cohort study assessed the inequalities in oesophageal carcinoma risk by age, sex and nativity in Kuwait: 1980–2019. Methods Using oesophageal cancer incidence data from the Kuwait National Cancer Registry, relevant Kuwaiti population data and World Standard Population as a reference, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) (per 100,000 person-years) overall and by subcohorts were computed. The incident oesophageal cancer cases count was overdispersed with excessive structural zeros, therefore, it was analyzed using multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model. Results Overall ASIR of oesophageal cancer was 10.51 (95% CI:  6.62-14.41). The multivariable ZINB model showed that compared with the younger age category (< 30 years), the individuals in higher age groups showed a significant ( p  < 0.001) increasing tendency to develop the oesophageal cancer.  Furthermore, compared with the non-Kuwaiti residents, the Kuwaiti nationals were significantly ( p  < 0.001) more likely to develop oesophageal cancer during the study period. Moreover, compared with 1980-84 period, ASIRs steadily and significantly  ( p  < 0.005) declined in subsequent periods till 2015-19. Conclusions A high incidence of oesophageal cancer was recorded in Kuwait, which consistently declined from 1980 to 2019. Older adults (aged ≥ 60 years) and, Kuwaiti nationals were at high risk of oesophageal cancer. Focused educational intervention may minimize oesophageal cancer incidence in high-risk groups in this and other similar settings. Future studies may contemplate to evaluate such an intervention.

Intended to investigate the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors and incidence trend of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in recent 12 years. A retrospective study was conducted on the patients who underwent cataract surgery in Qingdao Eye Hospital from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2019, including age, sex, history of diabetes, intraoperative operation and complications. In addition, the related risk factors and incidence trend of acute infective endophthalmitis were analyzed. The incidence of endophthalmitis and its related factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 55,612 cases of cataract surgery were performed in our hospital in 12 years, and 42 cases of acute infective endophthalmitis occurred (the incidence rate was 0.076%). The average occurrence time was 10.57 days ± 11.17, with eye pain as the main complaint and anterior chamber fibrin exudation as the main clinical manifestation. In addition, there were eight cases of anterior chamber hypopyon and 18 cases of vitreous reaction, the results of anterior aqueous humor or vitreous fluid culture in 10 patients were positive. Univariate analysis showed that intraoperative rupture of posterior capsule, non-use of antibiotics and non-use of behind-the-lens washout were the risk factors of infectious endophthalmitis after cataract surgery (P=0.032, P=0.000, P=0.000). Besides, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that intraoperative rupture of posterior capsule was the main risk factor. The occurrence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is mainly related to intraoperative rupture of posterior capsule, absence of antibiotics and behind-the-lens washout. In addition, the incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery decreased during the past 12 years.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ovarian neoplasms affect a huge part of the female population and, simultaneously, have the worst prognosis among all gynecological malignancies. In most of the population-based cancer registries (PBCR) in India, ovarian cancer is the third leading site of cancer among women, trailing behind cervix and breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we have summarized the number of new cases of ovarian malignancy and its profile observed in the PBCR in central India during 7 years. Reports: During a 7-year duration (2010-2016), 6,515 cancer patients were recorded at PBCR, and 228 cases were of ovarian malignancy. It was observed that most of the cases in this study were in 41-50 years of life. The age-standardized incidence rate of ovarian cancers in the present study was 4.61 per 100,000, and the crude incidence rate was 5.08 per 100,000. The crude mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate of ovarian cancer were 2.3 and 2.02 per 100,000, respectively. Serous carcinoma was our study's most common histological subtype (43.75%), followed by mucinous carcinoma. Conclusion: A steady increase has been observed in the incidence of ovarian cancer in several registries. A significant goal in managing ovarian cancer is to develop an effective test to detect the disease at its earlier stages, resulting in reduced mortality.

Surveillance of childhood cancer incidence trends can inform etiologic research, policy and programs. This study presents the first population-based report on demographic and geographic variations in incidence trends of detailed pediatric diagnostic groups in Canada. The Canadian Cancer Registry data were used to calculate annual age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) from 1992 to 2010 among children less than 15 years of age by sex, age and region for the 12 main diagnostic groups and selected subgroups of the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC), 3rd edition. Temporal trends were examined by annual percent changes (APCs) using Joinpoint regression. The ASIRs of childhood cancer among males increased by 0.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-0.9) annually from 1992 to 2010, whereas incidence among females increased by 3.2% (CI = 0.4-6.2) annually since 2004 after an initial stabilization. The largest overall increase was observed in children aged 1-4 years (APC = 0.9%, CI = 0.4-1.3). By region, the overall rates increased the most in Ontario from 2006 to 2010 (APC = 5.9%, CI = 1.9-10.1), and increased non-significantly in the other regions from 1992 to 2010. Average annual ASIRs for all cancers combined from 2006 to 2010 were lower in the Prairies (149.4 per million) and higher in Ontario (170.1 per million). The ASIRs increased for leukemias, melanoma, carcinoma, thyroid cancer, ependymomas and hepatoblastoma for all ages, and neuroblastoma in 1-4 year olds. Astrocytoma decreased in 10-14 year olds (APC = -2.1%, CI = -3.7 to -0.5), and among males (APC = -2.4%, CI = -4.6 to -0.2) and females (APC = -3.7%, CI = -5.8 to -1.6) in Ontario over the study period. Increasing incidence trends for all cancers and selected malignancies are consistent with those reported in other developed countries, and may reflect the changes in demographics and etiological exposures, and artefacts of changes in cancer coding, diagnosis and reporting. Significant decreasing trend for astrocytoma in late childhood was observed for the first time.

Purpose Hospitalization for acute colonic diverticulitis has become more and more frequent. We studied the changes in the rate of admission and incidence of the disease during the last 25 years. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all cases treated for acute diverticulitis during 1988–2012 at one hospital serving a defined population in Mid-Norway. The study made a distinction between admission rates and incidence rates. The admission rates defined the total number of cases admitted, while the incidence rates defined the number of new patients hospitalized for acute diverticulitis (first admission). Poisson regression was used to analyse factors associated with diverticulitis incidence rates. Results A total of 851 admissions in 650 different patients were identified, with an overall admission rate of 38.5 (CI 35.9 to 41.1) per 100,000 person-years. The admission rate increased from 17.9 (CI 14.1 to 22.3)/100,000 during 1988–1992 to 51.1 (CI 44.8 to 58.0)/100,000 during 2008–2012. Poisson regression analysis showed a significant increase in admission rates with a factor of 2.8 (C.I. 2.2 to 3.5) during 25 years. The overall incidence rate (IRR) of new patients was 29.4 (CI 27.1 to 31.7)/100,000 person-years. IRR increased significantly with a factor of 2.6 (CI 1.96 to 3.34) during 25 years, while IRR for perforations increased even more, by a factor of 3.3 (CI 1.24 to 8.58). Conclusion The hospital admission rates as well as incidence rates for acute colonic diverticulitis increased significantly during the 25-year time span.