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"Incubation"
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What will hatch?
From a squiggly tadpole to fuzzy robin to a leathery platypus, this charming text and unique illustrations show eight different animals as they begin life. With a cut-out on each page readers will have fun guessing... what will hatch?
Book
Incubation behaviour in a double‐nesting alpine bird Alectoris graeca saxatilis: similar nest attendance by males and females
In birds with double‐nesting and uniparental incubation, such as the rock partridge Alectoris graeca saxatilis, the male incubates one clutch, while the female incubates the other. A previous study found no significant difference in hatching and predation rates on Alpine rock partridge nests incubated by each sex. We therefore hypothesized that the incubation rhythms of both sexes would be similar. To test this, we monitored the incubation patterns of 40 nests incubated by females and 41 nests incubated by males in the French Alps between 2011 and 2020. Temperature loggers were installed within and outside the nests to record internal and ambient temperatures at 3‐min intervals. Incubation recess timing and duration were inferred from the analysis of temperature curves. We employed statistical modelling to assess the effects of the incubating bird's sex, minimum ambient temperature, incubation day, clutch size, and recess rank on various incubation parameters. The timing, total duration, and number of recesses, as well as nest temperature, were found to be similar between the sexes. On average, birds took 2.5 recesses per day, with each recess lasting approximately 75 min. Overall nest attendance was ≃ 88%. Recesses occurred throughout the day, with a peak after sunrise and a second, less pronounced peak before sunset. Nocturnal recesses were rare and resulted from disturbances to the incubating bird. Modelling results indicated only slight differences in the mean recess duration between the sexes throughout the incubation period. Further analysis showed that both sexes adjusted their incubation rhythms in a similar manner in response to the progress of incubation and to daily minimum temperatures. Cold temperatures may compel parents to spend more time foraging to meet their energy needs. Rock partridges exhibited lower nest attendance compared to grouse species inhabiting cold environments, likely due to their relatively lower body reserves.
Journal Article
An egg is quiet
\"From tiny hummingbird eggs to giant ostrich eggs, oval ladybug eggs to tubular dogfish eggs, gooey frog eggs to fossilized dinosaur eggs, this poetic illustrated book describes the incredible variety of eggs and how they protect the young animals inside them\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Early Estimates of Monkeypox Incubation Period, Generation Time, and Reproduction Number, Italy, May–June 2022
We analyzed the first 255 PCR-confirmed cases of monkeypox in Italy in 2022. Preliminary estimates indicate mean incubation period of 9.1 (95% CI 6.5-10.9) days, mean generation time of 12.5 (95% CI 7.5-17.3) days, and reproduction number among men who have sex with men of 2.43 (95% CI 1.82-3.26).
Journal Article
Peeping Beauty
As a family of chickens waits for the final egg to hatch, Mama reads favorite fairy tales.
Book
Secondary Attack Rate, Transmission and Incubation Periods, and Serial Interval of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant, Spain
Contact tracing data of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases during December 2021 in Cantabria, Spain, showed increased transmission (secondary attack rate 39%) compared with Delta cases (secondary attack rate 26%), uninfluenced by vaccination status. Incubation and serial interval periods were also reduced. Half of Omicron transmissions happened before symptom onset in the index case-patient.
Journal Article
The egg book : see how baby animals hatch, step by step!
Watch every remarkable stage of baby animals hatching from their eggs. Many animals start life inside eggs and this book explores these magical capsules in detail, with stunning photographs of the moment the creatures emerge. Featuring more than 20 animals - including a penguin, a tortoise, and even a slug - this book documents the moment of hatching step by step. Learn how birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates hatch from their eggs, as well as what happens inside an egg's shell. See the biggest egg in the world hatching, find out which animals have jellylike eggs, and which animals' egg cases are known as 'mermaids' purses'. With expert information and jaw-dropping photography, 'The Egg Book' is the ideal gift for any child with a love of nature and baby animals.
CHILDBOOK
The effect of ambient temperature on bird embryonic development: a comparison between uniparental incubating silver‐throated tits and biparental incubating black‐throated tits
The temperature experienced by avian embryos during development has important impacts on their growth and post‐hatching phenotypes. Ambient temperature can directly affect avian nest temperature and indirectly affect it through its impact on parental incubation behaviours. Because the nests of uniparental incubators are usually left unattended more frequently than the nests of biparental incubators whose nests can be attended by another bird when one bird leaves the nest, we predict that the effect of ambient temperature on nest temperature and thus on embryonic development (specifically, incubation period length and hatching success) and post‐hatching phenotype (i.e. potential carry‐over effect on nestling body mass and condition) should be greater in uniparental incubators than in biparental incubators. To test this prediction, we studied two congeneric species, the biparental incubating black‐throated tits Aegithalos concinnus and the uniparental incubating silver‐throated tits A. glaucogularis. We found that although the embryos of the two species both developed faster (shorter incubation period length) when ambient temperature was higher, the slope was significantly greater for silver‐throated tits than for black‐throated tits, consistent with our prediction of a greater effect of ambient temperature on embryonic development in silver‐throated tits. However, the result was not due to a greater effect of ambient temperature on nest temperature, because nest temperatures of the two species had positive relationships with ambient temperature in a similar way. Therefore, it implies a greater response of silver‐throated tit embryos to temperature change. In addition, ambient temperature during the incubation stage did not affect either hatching success or nestling body mass and condition in both species. Although our predictions were not fully supported, our findings highlight the different responses of embryonic development to environmental changes between a uniparental incubator and a biparental incubator, and suggest further research to explore the mechanisms.
Journal Article
Incubation behaviour of Arctic (Sterna paradisaea) and Antarctic (Sterna vittata) terns under disturbance by humans and predators
The activity of people increased worldwide and has become an important source of disturbance to nesting birds even in a pristine environment of the polar regions. In this study, we focused on the correlation between disturbances and incubation behaviour of two Sterna species. By video surveillance of nests on low-disturbance and high-disturbance sites we evaluated (i) whether the incubation behaviour of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea in Svalbard differed between various levels of mostly anthropogenic (passing people) disturbances and (ii) whether the incubation behaviour of Antarctic terns Sterna vittata on the Antarctic Peninsula differed between various levels of mostly natural (predators) disturbances. We analysed whole-day continuous recordings (median length > 24 h) of 72 nests from four study sites. Incubation behaviour at high-disturbance sites was characterized by lower nest attentiveness, shorter on-bouts, and recurrent interruptions, whilst off-bout length remained mostly unchanged. The total time spent sleeping and average sleep-bout length were shorter, whilst the frequency of visual inspection of the surroundings was higher at high-disturbance sites. In all, the responses of incubating terns to human disturbance did not exceed those induced by native predators. The behavioural responses, as measured by the direction and size of effects, were remarkably consistent for both species, representing the two polar regions with different natural predation risks as well as a different history of human impacts. Unless there are specific long-term costs associated with human disturbance that we cannot evaluate here, the coexistence of people and breeding terns might be sustainable even in the polar regions.
Journal Article