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In this paper, we review and discuss brain imaging studies which have used the source-based morphometry (SBM) approach over the past decade. SBM is a data-driven linear multivariate approach for decomposing structural brain imaging data into commonly covarying imaging components and subject-specific loading parameters. It is a well-established technique which has predominantly been used to study neuroanatomic differences between healthy controls and patients with neuropsychiatric diseases. We start by discussing the advantages of this technique over univariate analysis for imaging studies, followed by a discussion of results from recent studies which have successfully applied this methodology. We also present recent extensions of this framework including nonlinear SBM, biclustered independent component analysis (B-ICA) and conclude with the possible directions of work for future.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and its successor, GRACE Follow‐On (GFO), effectively monitor terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA). However, their constrained spatial resolution imposes limitations, with leakage and attenuation potentially impacting the accuracy of regional TWSA. While GRACE/GFO observations capture the ongoing TWSA decline in the Middle East due to excessive groundwater extraction, the nearby Caspian Sea's long‐term water loss, combined with the seasonal signals from the coastal sea, complicate accurate TWSA estimation through signal attenuation and leakage. To address these issues, we propose a combined approach, that is, independent component analysis (ICA)‐based forward modeling (IFM), to discern and isolate the leakage effect and improve the recovery of TWSA signal. We demonstrate the impact of signal attenuation and leakage through simulation, and validate the effectiveness of IFM. This method is also confirmed through steric‐corrected altimetry estimates in the Caspian Sea, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf, and further validated in Greenland and Victoria Lake. Our results show considerable leakage in GRACE/GFO TWSA estimates for Saudi Arabia and Iran. Leakage from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf introduces a 28.6% bias in Saudi Arabia's TWSA trend, while leakage from the Caspian Sea results in a 36.4% bias in Iran. After IFM recovery, the TWSA decline rates for Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran are 11.48 ± 0.32, 3.56 ± 0.44, and 7.75 ± 0.45 km3/yr, respectively. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of IFM in deriving refined TWSA signal, providing valuable insights for water resource management in arid regions.

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a widely-used blind source separation technique. ICA has been applied to many applications. ICA is usually utilized as a black box, without understanding its internal details. Therefore, in this paper, the basics of ICA are provided to show how it works to serve as a comprehensive source for researchers who are interested in this field. This paper starts by introducing the definition and underlying principles of ICA. Additionally, different numerical examples in a step-by-step approach are demonstrated to explain the preprocessing steps of ICA and the mixing and unmixing processes in ICA. Moreover, different ICA algorithms, challenges, and applications are presented.

Despite the known benefits of data‐driven approaches, the lack of approaches for identifying functional neuroimaging patterns that capture both individual variations and inter‐subject correspondence limits the clinical utility of rsfMRI and its application to single‐subject analyses. Here, using rsfMRI data from over 100k individuals across private and public datasets, we identify replicable multi‐spatial‐scale canonical intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) templates via the use of multi‐model‐order independent component analysis (ICA). We also study the feasibility of estimating subject‐specific ICNs via spatially constrained ICA. The results show that the subject‐level ICN estimations vary as a function of the ICN itself, the data length, and the spatial resolution. In general, large‐scale ICNs require less data to achieve specific levels of (within‐ and between‐subject) spatial similarity with their templates. Importantly, increasing data length can reduce an ICN's subject‐level specificity, suggesting longer scans may not always be desirable. We also find a positive linear relationship between data length and spatial smoothness (possibly due to averaging over intrinsic dynamics), suggesting studies examining optimized data length should consider spatial smoothness. Finally, consistency in spatial similarity between ICNs estimated using the full data and subsets across different data lengths suggests lower within‐subject spatial similarity in shorter data is not wholly defined by lower reliability in ICN estimates, but may be an indication of meaningful brain dynamics which average out as data length increases.

Identifying a small subset of informative genes from a gene expression dataset is an important process for sample classification in the fields of bioinformatics and machine learning. In this process, there are two objectives: first, to minimize the number of selected genes , and second, to maximize the classification accuracy of the used classifier. In this paper, a hybrid machine learning framework based on a nature-inspired cuckoo search (CS) algorithm has been proposed to resolve this problem. The proposed framework is obtained by incorporating the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm with an artificial bee colony (ABC) in the exploitation and exploration of the genetic algorithm (GA). These strategies are used to maintain an appropriate balance between the exploitation and exploration phases of the ABC and GA algorithms in the search process. In preprocessing, the independent component analysis (ICA) method extracts the important genes from the dataset. Then, the proposed gene selection algorithms along with the Naive Bayes (NB) classifier and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) have been applied to find a small set of informative genes that maximize the classification accuracy. To conduct a comprehensive performance study, proposed algorithms have been applied on six benchmark datasets of gene expression. The experimental comparison shows that the proposed framework (ICA and CS-based hybrid algorithm with NB classifier) performs a deeper search in the iterative process, which can avoid premature convergence and produce better results compared to the previously published feature selection algorithm for the NB classifier. Graphical abstract

Observing global terrestrial water storage changes (TWSCs) from (inter-)seasonal to (multi-)decade time-scales is very important to understand the Earth as a system under natural and anthropogenic climate change. The primary goal of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission (2002–2017) and its follow-on mission (GRACE-FO, 2018–onward) is to provide time-variable gravity fields, which can be converted to TWSCs with ∼ 300 km spatial resolution; however, the one year data gap between GRACE and GRACE-FO represents a critical discontinuity, which cannot be replaced by alternative data or model with the same quality. To fill this gap, we applied time-variable gravity fields (2013–onward) from the Swarm Earth explorer mission with low spatial resolution of ∼ 1500 km. A novel iterative reconstruction approach was formulated based on the independent component analysis (ICA) that combines the GRACE and Swarm fields. The reconstructed TWSC fields of 2003–2018 were compared with a commonly applied reconstruction technique and GRACE-FO TWSC fields, whose results indicate a considerable noise reduction and long-term consistency improvement of the iterative ICA reconstruction technique. They were applied to evaluate trends and seasonal mass changes (of 2003–2018) within the world’s 33 largest river basins.

In this study, we model geodetic strain accumulation along the Cascadia subduction zone between 2007.0 and 2017.632 using position time series from 352 continuous GPS stations. First, we use the secular linear motion to determine interseismic locking along the megathrust. We determine two end member models, assuming that the megathrust is either a priori locked or creeping, which differ essentially along the trench where the inversion is poorly constrained by the data. In either case, significant locking of the megathrust updip of the coastline is needed. The downdip limit of the locked portion lies ∼ 20–80 km updip from the coast assuming a locked a priori, but very close to the coast for a creeping a priori. Second, we use a variational Bayesian Independent Component Analysis (vbICA) decomposition to model geodetic strain time variations, an approach which is effective to separate the geodetic strain signal due to non-tectonic and tectonic sources. The Slow Slip Events (SSEs) kinematics is retrieved by linearly inverting for slip on the megathrust the Independent Components related to these transient phenomena. The procedure allows the detection and modelling of 64 SSEs which spatially and temporally match with the tremors activity. SEEs and tremors occur well inland from the coastline and follow closely the estimated location of the mantle wedge corner. The transition zone, between the locked portion of the megathrust and the zone of tremors, is creeping rather steadily at the long-term slip rate and probably buffers the effect of SSEs on the megathrust seismogenic portion.

To overcome the detrimental influence of α impulse noise in power line communication and the trap of scarce prior information in traditional noise suppression schemes , a power iteration based fast independent component analysis (PowerICA) based noise suppression scheme is designed in this paper. Firstly, the pseudo-observation signal is constructed by weighted processing so that single-channel blind separation model is transformed into the multi-channel observed model. Then the proposed blind separation algorithm is used to separate noise and source signals. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by experiment simulation. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has better separation effect, more stable separation and less implementation time than that of FastICA algorithm, which also improves the real-time performance of communication signal processing.

Feature selection is one of the key components of data mining and machine learning domain that selects the best subset of features with respect to target data by removing irrelevant data. However, it is a complex task to select optimal set of features from a dataset using traditional feature selection methods, as for n number of features, 2 n feature subsets are possible. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel metaheuristics-based feature selection method based binomial cuckoo search. Generally, metaheuristics-based feature selection methods suffer with stability issue since they select different set of features in different runs. Hence, to deal with stability issue, a hybrid data transformation method based on principal component analysis and fast independent component analysis has also been introduced. The proposed hybrid data transformation method first transforms the original data thereafter proposed binary binomial cuckoo search method is used to elect the best subset of features. The proposed feature selection method maximizes the classification accuracy and minimizes the number of selected features. The performance of the proposed method has been tested on the fourteen feature selection benchmark datasets taken from UCI repository and compared with other latest state-of- the art approaches including binary cuckoo search, binary bat algorithm, binary gravitational search algorithm, binary whale optimization with simulated annealing, and binary grey wolf optimization. Further, statistical analysis has also been carried out to validate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Adulteration is a severe problem in agriculture field. It may cause some dishonest traders in the marketing side. For their own wish, dishonest traders make adulteration products for higher profit. In consumer side, agro product adulterations provide some unhealthy situation. It may cause severe health problem and also some incurable disease. Its right time, need to find an adulteration various level of agro products. For detecting rice adulteration, to collect spectral data for mixed rice powder ( low quality rice powder and high quality rice powder ) , and a Fast Independent Component Analysis (FICA) algorithm is used to extract valuable information. Then, apply Random Forest Classifier algorithm for classifying purpose, whether the mixture is low quality or high quality. It achieves high accuracy with a single model and also easy to implement.