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"Indigenous peoples -- Claims -- History -- 20th century"
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Aboriginal rights claims and the making and remaking of history
\"The forums that were established during the second half of the twentieth century to address Aboriginal land claims have led to a particular way of engaging with and presenting Aboriginal, colonial, and national histories. The history that comes out of these land claim forums is often attacked for being \"presentist\": interpreting historical actions and actors through the lens of present day values, practices, and concerns. In Aboriginal Rights Claims and the Making and Remaking of History, a comparative study encompassing five former British colonies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States), Arthur Ray examines how claims-oriented research is framed by existing Indigenous rights law and claims legislation and how, in turn, it has influenced the development of laws and legislation. Ray also explores the ways in which the procedures and settings for claims adjudication--the courtroom, claims commissions, and the Waitangi Tribunal--have influenced the use of historical evidence, stimulated scholarly debates about the cultural/historical experiences of Indigenous people at the time of European contact and afterward, and have provoked reactions from politicians and scholars. While giving serious consideration to the arguments of presentism and the problems that overly presentist histories can create, Aboriginal Rights Claims and the Making and Remaking of History provides Aboriginal, academic, and legal communities with an essential perspective on how history is used in the Aboriginal claims process.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Aboriginal rights claims and the making and remaking of history
Forums such as commissions, courtroom trials, and tribunals that have been established through the second half of the twentieth century to address aboriginal land claims have consequently created a particular way of presenting aboriginal, colonial, and national histories. The history that emerges from these land-claims processes is often criticized for being \"presentist\" - inaccurately interpreting historical actions and actors through the lens of present-day values, practices, and concerns. In Aboriginal Rights Claims and the Making and Remaking of History, Arthur Ray examines how claims-oriented research is often fitted to the existing frames of indigenous rights law and claims legislation and, as a result, has influenced the development of these laws and legislation. Through a comparative study encompassing the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, Ray also explores the ways in which various procedures and settings for claims adjudication have influenced and changed the use of historical evidence, made space for indigenous voices, stimulated scholarly debates about the cultural and historical experiences of indigenous peoples at the time of initial European contact and afterward, and have provoked reactions from politicians and scholars. While giving serious consideration to the flaws and strengths of presentist histories, Aboriginal Rights Claims and the Making and Remaking of History provides communities with essential information on how history is used and how methods are adapted and changed.
eBook
Non-Indigenous Canadians’ and Americans’ moral expectations of Indigenous peoples in light of the negative impacts of the Indian Residential Schools
The historical trauma associated with the Indian Residential School (IRS) system was recently brought to the awareness of the Canadian public. Two studies investigated how the salience of this collective victimization impacted non-Indigenous Canadians’ expectations that Indigenous peoples ought to derive psychological benefits (e.g., learned to appreciate life) and be morally obligated to help others. Study 1 found that modern racism was related to perceptions that Indigenous peoples psychologically benefitted from the IRS experience, which in turn, predicted greater expectations of moral obligation. Study 2 replicated the relations among racism, benefit finding, and moral obligation among non-Indigenous Canadians (historical perpetrators of the harm done) and Americans (third-party observers). Americans were uniquely responsive to a portrayal of Indigenous peoples in Canada as strong versus vulnerable. Factors that distance observers from the victim (such as racism or third-party status) appear to influence perceptions of finding benefit in victimization experiences and expectations of moral obligation.
Journal Article
A Dangerous Idea
Decades before the marches and victories of the 1960s, a group of
Alaska Natives were making civil rights history. Throughout the
early twentieth century, the Alaska Native Brotherhood fought for
citizenship, voting rights, and education for all Alaska Natives,
securing unheard-of victories in a contentious time. Their unified
work and legal prowess propelled the Alaska Native Claims
Settlement Act, one of the biggest claim settlements in United
States history. A Dangerous Idea tells an
overlooked but powerful story of Alaska Natives fighting for their
rights under American law and details one of the rare successes for
Native Americans in their nearly two-hundred-year effort to define
and protect their rights.
eBook
Critical Reflections on (Post)colonial Geographies
This paper examines tensions between mapping as a practice of nation building and the practice of applied anthropology and “counter-mapping” in Canada during the early 20th century as expressions of Indigenous territoriality. This research helps to correct a misconception within the scholarly community that counter-mapping as an applied practice within anthropology emerged during the 1950s and 1960s. Tracing the emergence of this practice through Frank Speck’s anthropological work on the family hunting territory complex during the early 1900s provides important context for understanding the history of and continued use of maps and mapping practices to challenge colonial ideologies and support Indigenous claims for land and access to resources.
Journal Article
Pressed Flowers: Notions of Indigenous and Alien Vegetation in South Africa's Western Cape, c. 1902-1945
In the early twentieth century, botanists in South Africa's Western Cape sought urgently to popularise and protect the region's unique indigenous Fynbos flora. Plants imported from the 1840s, some of which proved invasive, became a physical and symbolic focus for their advocacy. The botanists' efforts resonated with political attempts to forge a common white South African national identity that drew on notions of landscape and the indigenous flora for symbolism and that consciously exploited the politically integrative potential of the new science of ecology. Introduced by overseas-trained experts, ecological theory was, however, inappropriate for the local flora, and had unfortunate consequences for the scientifically-informed research and management particularly of the fire-maintained Fynbos. While botanists and conservationists were united in defending the local flora against invasive introduced plants, they drew distinctions between what was 'indigenous' and what was 'natural' that further complicated their attitudes to the local flora. These historical debates illuminate agendas and policies on introduced ('alien') and indigenous flora in the region today.
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These plants are now universally termed 'invasive alien plants' in South Africa, but I prefer the less pejorative terms 'introduced' or 'exotic' to 'alien'.
Journal Article
Constructive Conquest in the Courts: A Legal History of the Western Shoshone Lands Struggle—1861 to 1991
Late in the twentieth century federal law courts found that the Western Shoshone still had title to millions of acres of putative public lands in Nevada. However, a claim alleging that the United States had long ago taken all Western Shoshone lands had been filed in the Indian Claims Commission by a tribal government representing only a portion of the tribe. Other Western Shoshone and the tribal government that had filed the claim were not allowed to correct the claim or to refuse the award to protect existing title. Ultimately the courts decided that the fictional nineteenth-century confiscation, assumed by the Claims Commission, would have to be made reality, even as to lands continuously in Indian possession. Congress must now act to correct this manifest injustice and to allow the Western Shoshone to retain an adequate land base.
Journal Article