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"Individual Characteristics"
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Of thee I sing : a letter to my daughters
In this letter to his daughters, President Barack Obama has written a moving tribute to thirteen groundbreaking Americans and the ideals that have shaped our nation.
Book
Associations of employment sector and occupational exposures with full and part-time sickness absence
We aimed to investigate the influence of unobserved individual characteristics in explaining the effects of work-related factors on full (fSA) and part-time sickness absence (pSA).
We used register-based panel data for the period 2005-2016 on a 70% random sample of the Finnish working-age population. The relationships between employment sector and occupational exposures (% exposed to physically heavy work and job control score based on job exposure matrices) and the annual onset of fSA and pSA were investigated among men and women. First, random effects (RE) models were applied controlling for observed sociodemographic factors and then fixed effects (FE) models that examine within-individual changes over time and thereby further account for unobserved time-invariant individual characteristics.
In the RE analyses, public employment sector, physically heavy work and lower job control each increased the use of fSA and pSA among both genders. When unobserved individual characteristics were controlled for with the FE models, the effects on fSA attenuated. For pSA, the effects of employment sector and physical heaviness of work among women even reversed. The effect of lower job control on pSA remained especially among women.
The role of individuals' unobserved characteristics in explaining the effects of work-related factors on SA should not be neglected. The effects of work-related factors are likely to be overestimated when using traditional approaches that do not account for unobserved confounding, ie, selection of individuals with a high likelihood of SA into particular work environments.
Journal Article
An empirical study of factors influencing training transfer in the management training intervention
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to predict the transfer of training (ToT) from management training. This study empirically examined the predictive power of ToT factors, namely, individual characteristics (self-efficacy), training intervention design (training approaches) and work climate (organizational support) among the study respondents.
Design/methodology/approach
All the proposed research hypotheses were tested through survey data. Data was collected using a questionnaire from managers working in different departments of an Indian public manufacturing organization. A sum of 273 usable data was analyzed, and the structural equation modeling technique was used to test the proposed theoretical model.
Findings
The study results showed a direct and positive association among self-efficacy, work climate and training intervention design with training transfer. The study findings suggest that self-efficacy, training approaches and organizational support predict ToT.
Practical implications
The study findings have a beneficial impact on designing and delivering successful management training intervention among managers. To enhance training transfer, organizations could consider all these three factors. A replication of the study in national and international settings would help improve generalizability.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that explored the new relationships of selected factors with ToT in management training. An improved understanding of the interactive impact of self-efficacy, training approaches and organizational support on the ToT is provided.
Journal Article
Development of a framework for entrepreneur’s individual characteristics required to successfully run a woman owed SME foundry in South Africa
The objectives of this study were to establish entrepreneur’s individual characteristics and intervention measures which are necessary for successful operation of women owned small to medium enterprise foundries in South Africa. This study also sought to establish whether there was a relationship between the intervention measures and entrepreneur’s individual characteristics. The research was quantitative in nature, in which SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 26 statistical tools were utilised to meet the objectives of the study. Population for this research was 117 small and medium enterprise foundries and sample size was 42 participants. The findings reveal that ambitious goals, need for achievement, risk taking, being visionary, and agility are the most important entrepreneur’s individual characteristics identified. Tailor-made financing programs, export support programs, employee skill development and training, managers training and capacity building, legal framework promoting ease of entrance and exit, and policies supporting green technologies are intervention measures which can make foundries more successful. Lastly, it was established that there was a positive relationship between the intervention measures and internal non-individual factors. It is concluded that entrepreneur’s individual characteristics, when mediated by intervention measures play a role in successful operation of an SME foundry in South Africa.
Journal Article
Teachers’ Psychological Characteristics: Do They Matter for Teacher Effectiveness, Teachers’ Well-being, Retention, and Interpersonal Relations? An Integrative Review
This integrative review aims to render a systematic account of the role that teachers’ psychological characteristics, such as their motivation and personality, play for critical outcomes in terms of teacher effectiveness, teachers’ well-being, retention, and positive interpersonal relations with multiple stakeholders (e.g., students, parents, principals, colleagues). We first summarize and evaluate the available evidence on relations between psychological characteristics and these outcomes derived in existing research syntheses (meta-analyses, systematic reviews). We then discuss implications of the findings regarding the eight identified psychological characteristics—self-efficacy, causal attributions, expectations, personality, enthusiasm, emotional intelligence, emotional labor, and mindfulness—for research and educational practice. In terms of practical recommendations, we focus on teacher selection and the design of future professional development activities as areas that particularly profit from a profound understanding of the relative importance of different psychological teacher characteristics in facilitating adaptive outcomes.
Journal Article
What Schools Need to Know About Fostering School Belonging: a Meta-analysis
Belonging is an essential aspect of psychological functioning. Schools offer unique opportunities to improve belonging for school-aged children. Research on school belonging, however, has been fragmented and diluted by inconsistency in the use of terminology. To resolve some of these inconsistencies, the current study uses meta-analysis of individual and social level factors that influence school belonging. These findings aim to provide guidance on the factors schools should emphasise to best support students. First, a systematic review identified 10 themes that influence school belonging at the student level during adolescence in educational settings (academic motivation, emotional stability, personal characteristics, parent support, peer support, teacher support, gender, race and ethnicity, extracurricular activities and environmental/school safety). Second, the average association between each of these themes and school belonging was meta-analytically examined across 51 studies (N = 67,378). Teacher support and positive personal characteristics were the strongest predictors of school belonging. Results varied by geographic location, with effects generally stronger in rural than in urban locations. The findings may be useful in improving perceptions of school belonging for secondary students through the design of policy, pedagogy and teacher training, by encouraging school leaders and educators to build qualities within the students and change school systems and processes.
Journal Article
Depression Risk Factors for Knowledge Workers in the Post-Capitalist Society of Taiwan
This study aimed to examine the depression risk factors for knowledge workers aged 20–64 in the post-capitalist society of Taiwan. Interview data from 2014 and 2019 were adopted for quantitative analysis of the depression risk by demographic and individual characteristics. The results showed that the depression risks of knowledge workers were not affected by demographic variables in a single period. From 2014 to 2019, the prevalence of high depression risk in knowledge workers aged 20–64 years increased over time. The more attention is paid to gender equality in society, the less the change in the gender depression index gap may be seen. Positive psychological state and family relationships are both depression risk factors and depression protective factors. Being male, married, religious, and aged 45–49 years old were found to be critical risk factors. Variables of individual characteristics could effectively predict depression risk.
Journal Article
Should I play or should I go? Individuals' characteristics and preference for uncertainty
This paper presents an incentivized experiment analyzing the role of demographic characteristics in individual decision-making under uncertainty. Reactions to a natural source of uncertainty, payoffs in a TV game show, were measured using Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), allowing us to identify multiple configurations of causal conditions that are sufficient for individuals to prefer an uncertain payoff to a sure gain, and, thus, lower risk aversion. This paper found evidence of preference for uncertainty, measured as willingness to play for an uncertain payoff, in individuals with characteristics most commonly present in the literature: being male; young; childless; with studies in finance or similar areas. This paper also shows that conditions that would not justify the preference for uncertainty according to the literature (an older individual or having children), when combined with other conditions, change contestants' behavior regarding preference for uncertainty. Individuals that are both older and single, and individuals that have children combined with education in finance, show an inverse effect on preference for uncertainty.
Journal Article
Global Competition and Brexit
We show that support for the Leave option in the Brexit referendum was systematically higher in regions hit harder by economic globalization. We focus on the shock of surging imports from China over the past three decades as a structural driver of divergence in economic performance across U.K. regions. An IV approach supports a causal interpretation of our finding. We claim that the effect is driven by the displacement determined by globalization in the absence of effective compensation of its losers. Neither overall stocks nor inflows of immigrants in a region are associated with higher support for the Leave option. A positive association only emerges when focusing on immigrants from EU accession countries. The analysis of individual data suggests that voters respond to the import shock in a sociotropic way, as individuals tend to react to the general economic situation of their region, regardless of their specific condition.
Journal Article