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Before Palm Pilots and iPods, PCs and laptops, the term \"computer\" referred to the people who did scientific calculations by hand. These workers were neither calculating geniuses nor idiot savants but knowledgeable people who, in other circumstances, might have become scientists in their own right. When Computers Were Human represents the first in-depth account of this little-known, 200-year epoch in the history of science and technology. Beginning with the story of his own grandmother, who was trained as a human computer, David Alan Grier provides a poignant introduction to the wider world of women and men who did the hard computational labor of science. His grandmother's casual remark, \"I wish I'd used my calculus,\" hinted at a career deferred and an education forgotten, a secret life unappreciated; like many highly educated women of her generation, she studied to become a human computer because nothing else would offer her a place in the scientific world. The book begins with the return of Halley's comet in 1758 and the effort of three French astronomers to compute its orbit. It ends four cycles later, with a UNIVAC electronic computer projecting the 1986 orbit. In between, Grier tells us about the surveyors of the French Revolution, describes the calculating machines of Charles Babbage, and guides the reader through the Great Depression to marvel at the giant computing room of the Works Progress Administration. When Computers Were Human is the sad but lyrical story of workers who gladly did the hard labor of research calculation in the hope that they might be part of the scientific community. In the end, they were rewarded by a new electronic machine that took the place and the name of those who were, once, the computers.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that cause computer anxiety in the use of Mind Your Own Business (MYOB) accounting software, i.e., to assess if there are any influence of age, gender, amount of training, ownership (usage of accounting software on a regular basis), computer self-efficacy, personal innovativeness in Information Technology (IT) to computer anxiety. The study also examined whether there is a relationship trait anxiety and negative affect to computer self-efficacy. The research data is obtained through questionnaires which was distributed to 100 vocational teachers at the accounting Department in the Riau Islands Province. However, only 82 questionnaires can be used. Data were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling. The results of this study indicate that there is a negative effect of the use of MYOB accounting software on a regular basis, computer self-efficacy, and personal innovativeness in IT to computer anxiety. Subsequent findings indicate that the trait anxiety has a negative effect on computer self-efficacy. However, these findings did not show any influence of age, gender, training and computer anxiety. Negative affect were also found not to have a relationship with computer self-efficacy.

This research aims to prove whether mobile Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (mCSCL) is better at improving learning outcomes to solve problems than mobile Computer-Supported Individual Learning (mCSIL) based on the student's Self Regulated Learning level. Data analysis techniques in this study used SPSS programs with two-way variance analysis. The research subjects involved 140 Harapan Bangsa Academy students. The results of the analysis found that mCSCL has an average of 67,071 provides better learning outcomes for problem-solving than mCSIL, which is 63,414. Also, this study found that students with higher Self Regulated Learning (SRL) had better learning achievement than students with lower Self Regulated Learning that is, 66.5 compared to 63.986. Furthermore, the test results also obtained Fab = 3,326 with Sig. = 0.07 then H0AB is accepted. This matter means the mCSCL and mCSIL learning strategies provide equally good learning achievements for students who have high or low Self Regulated Learning. The novelty of this study is that the mobile Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning strategy will be more effective in improving problem-solving learning outcomes if students have high Self Regulated Learning.

The explosion in Internet usage and huge government funding initiatives in digital libraries have drawn attention to research on digital libraries. Whereas the traditional focus of digital library research has been on the technological development, there is now a call for user-focused research. Although millions of dollars have been spent on building \"usable\" systems, research on digital libraries has shown that potential users may not use the systems in spite of their availability. There is a need for research to identify the factors that determine users' adoption of digital libraries. Using the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a theoretical framework, this study investigates the effect of a set of individual differences (computer self-efficacy and knowledge of search domain) and system characteristics (relevance, terminology, and screen design) on intention to use digital libraries. Based on a sample of 585 users of a university's award-winning digital library, the results strongly support the utilization of TAM in predicting users' intention to adopt digital libraries, and demonstrate the effects of critical external variables on behavior intention through perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. All of the individual differences and system characteristics have significant effects on perceived ease of use of digital libraries. In addition, relevance has the strongest effect on perceived usefulness of digital libraries.

In this paper we shall discuss the various implications for individual learning resulting from the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Firstly we discuss the new approaches to in-service training needed in the present socio-economic climate and define the conditions for devising such approaches. Then we analyse the operative and cognitive problems that employees face with regard to continuous learning, drawing on our experience with different learner populations: teachers, trainers, company personnel, and employees in public administration. On the basis of this analysis, we will derive some general indications as to the training structure and educational tools that should be created in order to give impulse to continuous learning. In particular, we will examine the role that may be played by a technology-based environment for promoting individual learning via autonomous activities and interaction within the context. We will then discuss how these general indications should be applied in the different environments under examination in order to respond to specific needs. With a view to providing examples of actual applications, we shall illustrate the proposals we have developed and tested.

The article aims to reveal the means of organizing individual work as an important factor in the formation of professional and speech competence of future navigation officers. Individual work allows forming, in the process of the professional training, such qualities and skills as self-sufficiency, analyticity, criticality of thinking, responsibility, perseverance, taking effective quick decisions in problem situations on board, cooperation in multinational team as they are so important for future specialists of maritime sphere. This work is a priority in the formation of professional and speech competence of the cadets, as it implies their involvement in oral and written communicative activity of productive nature under the guidance of a teacher, but without his/her direct participation. There are following main individual tasks that we have developed and implemented in the process of experimental activity: presentation (the students have the choice of a particular topic or problem); preparation for the business game (in a dialog form); preparation of group reports; development of training programs using software.

Cybersickness still poses a significant challenge to the widespread usage of virtual reality, leading to different levels of discomfort and potentially breaking the immersive experience. Researchers have attempted to discover the possible fundamental causes of cybersickness for years. Despite the longstanding interest in the research field, inconsistent results have been drawn on the contributing factors and solutions to combating cybersickness. Moreover, little attention has been paid to individual susceptibility. A consolidated explanation remains under development, requiring more empirical studies with robust and reproducible methodologies. This review presents an integrated survey connecting the findings from previous review papers and the state of the art involving empirical studies and participants. A literature review is then presented, focusing on the practical studies of different contributing factors, the pros and cons of measurements, profiles of cybersickness, and solutions to reduce this phenomenon. Our findings suggest a lack of considerations regarding user susceptibility and gender balance in between groups studies. In addition, incongruities among empirical findings raised concerns. We conclude by suggesting points of insights for future empirical investigations.

The aim of this paper is to explore the usage and impact of the Internet-of-Things-based Smart Home Technology (IoT-SHT) in Malaysia. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a total of eleven IoT-SHT users who had a minimum of 2-year usage experience. The semi-structured interview consisted of six questions which were compartmentalised into two sections. Common themes were identified through constant comparison of the inductive data in the coding process. The in-depth interview uncovered six uses of IoT-SHT. Mainly, it was used for real-time remote control, surveillance, sensing, home automation, entertainment, and family communication. It seems clear that the IoT-SHT helped people to save time, changed their lives, improved security, safety, environment condition, fun, convenience, and comfort within the home ground. It also facilitated better health tracking, family care, and energy conservation. Psychologically, the IoT-SHT also enhanced one’s image, offered better companionship, and improved the sense of belongingness, and closeness within the family. This study fills the research gap by providing insights into how the IoT-SHT was used, thereby benefiting users in Malaysia. With the arrival of industrial revolution 4.0, a comprehensive knowledge on the usage of IoT is pertinent. The findings of this study may also serve as a foundation for future research in IoT-SHT adoption. Practically, this study accelerates IoT-SHT diffusion by providing insights to vendors in designing better IoT products and services, based on the popular usages and impactful benefits.