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"Individuation"
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Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture
Cross-cultural psychologists have mostly contrasted East Asia with the West. However, this study shows that there are major psychological differences within China. We propose that a history of farming rice makes cultures more interdependent, whereas farming wheat makes cultures more independent, and these agricultural legacies continue to affect people in the modern world. We tested 1162 Han Chinese participants in six sites and found that rice-growing southern China is more interdependent and holistic-thinking than the wheat-growing north. To control for confounds like climate, we tested people from neighboring counties along the rice-wheat border and found differences that were just as large. We also find that modernization and pathogen prevalence theories do not fit the data.
Journal Article
Quantifying Hand Strength and Isometric Pinch Individuation Using a Flexible Pressure Sensor Grid
Modulating force between the thumb and another digit, or isometric pinch individuation, is critical for daily tasks and can be impaired due to central or peripheral nervous system injury. Because surgical and rehabilitative efforts often focus on regaining this dexterous ability, we need to be able to consistently quantify pinch individuation across time and facilities. Currently, a standardized metric for such an assessment does not exist. Therefore, we tested whether we could use a commercially available flexible pressure sensor grid (Tekscan F-Socket [Tekscan Inc., Norwood, MA, USA]) to repeatedly measure isometric pinch individuation and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in twenty right-handed healthy volunteers at two visits. We developed a novel equation informed by the prior literature to calculate isometric individuation scores that quantified percentage of force on the grid generated by the indicated digit. MVC intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the left and right hands were 0.86 (p < 0.0001) and 0.88 (p < 0.0001), respectively, suggesting MVC measurements were consistent over time. However, individuation score ICCs, were poorer (left index ICC 0.41, p = 0.28; right index ICC −0.02, p = 0.51), indicating that this protocol did not provide a sufficiently repeatable individuation assessment. These data support the need to develop novel platforms specifically for repeatable and objective isometric hand dexterity assessments.
Journal Article
Human Self-Creation
This book offers an overview of the educational thinking of Paul Natorp, a key neo-Kantian philosopher and leading educational theorist of Neo-Kantianism, by illustrating the philosophical foundations of his pedagogical argumentation, and the main features of his theory of education. It is intended for anyone interested in the philosophy of education, and seeking to understand the importance of education in human existence. Written in an accessible style, it does not require previous studies in the philosophy of education, but it offers in-depth pedagogical reflection for advanced level students, and researchers of educational theory. The descriptive approach of the book presents a well-founded interpretation of Natorp's educational thinking. The depiction relies primarily on Natorp's own writings, and also draws on secondary literature appropriate to the topic. Very little material is available in English about Paul Natorp as an educationalist, and his educational theory. The book provides a significant added value for the scientific community of the philosophy of education and the history of educational ideas.
eBook
Dysfunctional individuation in the clinic: associations with distress and early parental responsiveness
Impairment in the psychological balance between autonomy and connectedness––referred to as dysfunctional individuation––can interfere with wellbeing and contribute to mental health difficulties. Dysfunctional individuation may reflect problems in earlier parent-child relations, and may account for the relationship between such experiences and psychological distress. However, the prominence of dysfunctional individuation emergent from parental responsiveness, and its link with distress symptoms, may differ according to age and gender. The present study examined associations between perceived parental support, psychological distress, and dysfunctional individuation––including the mediating effect of the latter––among outpatients seeking mental health care. Moderation by age and gender was also examined. A sample of 219 patients completed study assessments. Correlations and conditional process modelling examined associations, including indirect effects of parental responsiveness, with moderation by age and gender, on psychological distress through dysfunctional individuation as a mediator. A significant three-way interaction was observed between perceived parental responsiveness, age, and gender in relation to dysfunctional individuation. Examination of mediation revealed significant moderated moderated mediation, in that the indirect effects of parental responsiveness––through dysfunctional individuation––were significant for younger women and older men. These findings indicated conditional age and gender effects on the role of dysfunctional individuation in mediating perceived early parental responsiveness and psychological distress. Thus, dysfunctional individuation may be a salient clinical concern among patients––particularly younger women and older men––with histories of diminished parental responsiveness. Further research is needed to clarify individuation-related difficulties with respect to age, gender, and other social and contextual factors.
Journal Article
How and When Do Individuating Information and Social Category Information Influence Implicit Judgments of Individual Members of Known Social Groups? A Review
The present review discusses the literature on how and when social category information and individuating information influence people’s implicit judgments of other individuals who belong to existing (i.e., known) social groups. After providing some foundational information, we discuss several key principles that emerge from this literature: (a) individuating information moderates stereotype-based biases in implicit (i.e., indirectly measured) person perception, (b) individuating information usually exerts small to no effects on attitude-based biases in implicit person perception, (c) individuating information influences explicit (i.e., directly measured) person perception more than implicit person perception, (d) social category information affects implicit person perception more than it affects explicit person perception, and (e) the ability of other variables to moderate the effects of individuating information on stereotype- and attitude-based biases in implicit person perception varies. Within the discussion of each of these key points, relevant research questions that remain unaddressed in the literature are presented. Finally, we discuss both theoretical and practical implications of the principles discussed in this review.
Journal Article