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"Indo-European languages -- Etymology"
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Dictionary of Indo-European concepts and society
Since its publication in 1969, Émile Benveniste's 'Vocabulaire' - here in a new translation - has been the classic reference for tracing the institutional and conceptual genealogy of the sociocultural worlds of gifts, contracts, sacrifice, hospitality, authority, freedom, ancient economy, and kinship.
Book
Dictionary of indo-european concepts and society
Since its publication in 1969, Émile Benveniste's Vocabulaire --here in a new translation as the Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society --has been the classic reference for tracing the institutional and conceptual genealogy of the sociocultural worlds of gifts, contracts, sacrifice, hospitality, authority, freedom, ancient economy, and.
eBook
The American heritage dictionary of Indo-European roots
Fully revised and updated based on the latest linguistic research, the \"American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Third Edition\" by distinguished professor Calvert Watkins traces over 13,000 words representing nearly 1,350 basic roots to their origins in Proto-Indo-European, the prehistoric ancestor of English. The dictionary includes an introductory essay by Dr. Watkins, explaining how it is possible to reconstruct the words of an ancient and unwritten language and describing what scholars have discovered about Proto-Indo-European culture. Interspersed throughout the body of the dictionary are Language and Culture notes that provide more detailed information on particularly interesting roots and the vocabulary derived from them. The Dictionary of Indo-European Roots is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the history of English and its place within the Indo-European language family.
Book
Greek and Indo-European etymology in action : proto-Indo-European AǴ
This study resurrects the genre of Wortstudien contributions or lexilogus treatments, the core of historical lexical semantics. Such studies used to be quite popular, and interest in lexical matters is again rising. The word family around the Indo-European root *aǵ- 'drive' is placed against its Germanic replacement drive as a typological parallel. Many long-standing problems can now be solved, and new hypotheses emerge. Starting with the still important sports and games aspect of social life, new morphology is resurrected (agṓn 'games' as an original plural; 2), and a strongly social meaning for 'good' (agathos; 3). Aganos finds its solution that combines the 'mild' and plant readings in a natural way (4). Hunting-and-gathering considerations establish new possibilities or certainties for some 'wealth' words (6), and all around religion is involved (7). Comparable Baltic Finnic evidence is drawn in (8), and such evidence is used to discuss cases on both sides. This way explanations for the Indo-European material are strengthened, or even made possible in the first place, and scores of Baltic Finnic words find attractive (driving) loan hypotheses as their etymologies.
eBook
Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages
This etymological dictionary covers the entire Latin lexicon of Indo-European origin. It consists of nearly 1900 entries, which altogether discuss about 8000 Latin lemmata. All words attested before Cicero are included, together with their first date of attestation in Latin.
Book
Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic
The study of language origin and divergence is important for understanding the history of human populations and their cultures. The Sino-Tibetan language family is the second largest in the world after Indo-European, and there is a long-running debate about its phylogeny and the time depth of its original divergence
1
. Here we perform a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to examine two competing hypotheses of the origin of the Sino-Tibetan language family: the ‘northern-origin hypothesis’ and the ‘southwestern-origin hypothesis’. The northern-origin hypothesis states that the initial expansion of Sino-Tibetan languages occurred approximately 4,000–6,000 years before present (
bp
; taken as
ad
1950) in the Yellow River basin of northern China
2
–
4
, and that this expansion is associated with the development of the Yangshao and/or Majiayao Neolithic cultures. The southwestern-origin hypothesis states that an early expansion of Sino-Tibetan languages occurred before 9,000 years
bp
from a region in southwest Sichuan province in China
5
or in northeast India
6
, where a high diversity of Tibeto-Burman languages exists today. Consistent with the northern-origin hypothesis, our Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 109 languages with 949 lexical root-meanings produced an estimated time depth for the divergence of Sino-Tibetan languages of approximately 4,200–7,800 years
bp
, with an average value of approximately 5,900 years
bp
. In addition, the phylogeny supported a dichotomy between Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages. Our results are compatible with the archaeological records, and with the farming and language dispersal hypothesis
7
of agricultural expansion in China. Our findings provide a linguistic foothold for further interdisciplinary studies of prehistoric human activity in East Asia.
Divergence estimates from phylogenetic analyses of 109 languages of the Sino-Tibetan family support a model in which this family originates in the Yellow River basin of northern China.
Journal Article
Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family
There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of the Indo-European language family. The conventional view places the homeland in the Pontic steppes about 6000 years ago. An alternative hypothesis claims that the languages spread from Anatolia with the expansion of farming 8000 to 9500 years ago. We used Bayesian phylogeographic approaches, together with basic vocabulary data from 103 ancient and contemporary Indo-European languages, to explicitly model the expansion of the family and test these hypotheses. We found decisive support for an Anatolian origin over a steppe origin. Both the inferred timing and root location of the Indo-European language trees fit with an agricultural expansion from Anatolia beginning 8000 to 9500 years ago. These results highlight the critical role that phylogeographic inference can play in resolving debates about human prehistory.
Journal Article
Action nouns in -i̯a- and a new verbal stem jsīn- “to kill” in Khotanese
This article addresses derivational issues related to palatalization in Khotanese, focusing on action nouns of the kīra- type (< *-i̯a-). It is argued that diachronic palatalization conforms to the rules of synchronic palatalization and that the origin of the hapax legomenon jsīna- “killing” (Z 13.124), which apparently violates these rules, needs to be interpreted differently. It is traced back to a reduplicated Indo-Iranian verbal stem *ǰa-ghn- (cf. Young Avestan jaɣn-) < Proto-Indo-European *gwhé-gwhn- “to strike repeatedly” → “to kill”. This stem is also reflected in the Khotanese gerundive jsīñaa- “to be killed” < *dzai̯n-i̯a- ← *dzaɣn- < Iranian *ǰa-gn-. The article contributes additional evidence supporting the development of the preconsonantal voiced velar fricative *ɣ into *i̯ in pre-Khotanese.
Journal Article
On Ancient Greek φράσσω
Originally, φράσσω ‘enclose, fence in, secure, fortify, block’ was a three-place verb meaning ‘to enclose, cover something with something’, as shown not only by the syntax and semantics of its Homeric and post-Homeric occurrences, but also by its lexical family within Ancient Greek, which includes the Hesychian glosses φαρκ-άζω* ‘conceal’ and φόρξ* ‘fence’. These considerations allow for a new analysis, supported by exact matches in Germanic languages and in Hittite, of φράσσω and φόρξ* as two inherited formations reflecting Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥gʰ-i̯ó/é- ‘enclose’ and *bʰr̥gʰ-s ‘enclosing’, respectively. The study further discusses the development of a Proto-Greek ‘neo-root’ *√pʰr̥k ‘enclose, fence in’, which was re-analyzed and extracted from these inherited terms and from which new words were derived, including the Hesychian gloss φύρκος ‘wall’ (whose problematic root vowel may be explained in various ways) and the name of the sea-god Φόρκῡς/Φόρκος, whose characterization was probably a reflex of the Ancient Greek (and apparently already Indo-European) mythological motif of the ‘serpent-like world-enclosing water-deity’.
Journal Article