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This book provides rare insights into motivation among extremely successful learners of English and languages other than English (LOTEs) through the analysis of a longitudinal study and the examination of the factors involved in becoming multilingual in a non-multilingual environment. Based on sixteen interview sessions, conducted over the course of nine years while the learners progressed from high school to the world of work, this book offers the story of how two learners persist in English/LOTE learning. The study illuminates the long-term processes through which the interviewees develop ideal English/LOTE selves in an environment where multilingualism is not emphasized and where both English and LOTEs can still be described as foreign languages. Educators and researchers will learn from this study, which stretches our understanding of motivation beyond the recent theorizing of L2 motivation and contributes to the limited research in long-term motivational trajectories and LOTE learning motivation, which is particularly scarce in non-European contexts. The book will be of interest not only to readers in Japan but also to those in other contexts as it offers an example of successful learners who go beyond the pragmatic and instrumentalist view of language learning to hold a more holistic view, thus revealing the factors which can sustain multiple language learning, even in foreign language contexts.

The paper analyses instances of mimicry as they appear in Danticat’s historiographic fiction, The Farming of Bones. More specifically, it will examine why and how some characters appear accomplices in the brutal Parsley Massacre provoked by the Trujillo regime. Besides its literary dimension, the analysis can be said to be relevant from a cultural and socio-historical perspective as well because it seeks to reveal the emergence of a process which will be called inner colonisation and a new version of the native informant, which will be referred to as the neo-colonial informant.

Classical psychometrics held that scores on a personality measure were determined by the trait assessed and random measurement error. A new view proposes a much richer and more complex model that includes trait variance at multiple levels of a hierarchy of traits and systematic biases shaped by the implicit personality theory of the respondent. The model has implications for the optimal length and content of scales and for the use of scales intended to correct for evaluative bias; further, it suggests that personality assessments should supplement self-reports with informant ratings. The model also has implications for the very nature of personality traits.

Discrepancies are often found between self-reports and reports by others regarding psychopathology. Both the person being assessed and various informants may contribute crucial data concerning a person's functioning. Comprehensive assessment requires data from multiple informants. Such data can be easily obtained with parallel self-report and collateral-report forms. The multi-informant data can be compared, aggregated, and used in many ways. Optimal use of multi-source data is essential for clinical assessment and for discovering causes and cures of psychopathology.

ABSTRACT Developmental researchers generally use a multi‐informant approach to assess youth depressive symptoms to increase diagnostic accuracy and reliability, but informant discrepancies between youth and caregivers are common. Previous studies have predominantly used the sum score‐level approach to examine informant discrepancies, which may obscure the heterogeneity of depression. This study adopted a symptom‐level approach, network analysis, to examine informant discrepancies regarding depressive symptoms. The participant sample comprised 1043 community youth living in China (M age = 13.68, 48.3% male) and their caregivers. Youth and caregivers completed the Children's Depression Inventory‐Youth (CDI‐Y) and the Children's Depression Inventory‐Parents (CDI‐P) separately. We employed R 4.3.0 and the Ising model to estimate two distinct networks. We then utilized the R‐package Network Comparison Test to compare these two networks. Our findings revealed that irritability emerged as a symptom with high centrality in both networks, while crying demonstrated the most significant disparity in strength centrality, being stronger in the youth‐report network. Youth‐reported crying showed stronger connections with suicidal ideation (edge weight = 2.78), social withdrawal (edge weight = 1.72) and schoolwork difficulty (edge weight = 1.70), whereas caregivers‐reported crying was more strongly associated with self‐hatred (edge weight = 1.21). This study contributes to a better understanding of the structure of depressive symptoms from the perspectives of both youth and their caregivers.

To evaluate the discriminative capacity and psychometric properties of the Technology-Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (T-ADLQ) in distinguishing cognitively unimpaired individuals from those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) in a population with no formal education. This cross-sectional study included individuals with no formal education over 50 years of age residing in Callao, Peru. Participants were classified into three cognitive groups: cognitively unimpaired (CU; = 64), aMCI ( = 60), and early ADD ( = 63). Functional decline was assessed with the T-ADLQ. Group comparisons were conducted using the chi-square or ANOVA tests, as appropriate. Pearson correlations were used to assess concurrent validity. The reliability of the T-ADLQ was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses and area under the curve (AUC) metrics were used to assess the discriminative validity of the measures across the three cognitive groups. In a sample of 187 illiterate older adults, the T-ADLQ demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.966) and strong inverse correlations with global and executive cognitive measures (MMSE, RUDAS, IFS). It also showed a moderate positive correlation with PFAQ. ROC analyses revealed excellent discriminative performance of the T-ADLQ. The total score and the instrumental (IADL) and advanced (AADL) domains achieved perfect accuracy in differentiating cognitively unimpaired individuals from those with aMCI or ADD. The basic activities of daily living (BADL) domain also showed high accuracy, particularly in distinguishing aMCI from ADD. The T-ADLQ and its subdomains exhibit strong psychometric properties and high discriminative capacity in detecting functional decline in individuals with aMCI and ADD. These findings support the T-ADLQ as a valid and reliable tool for assessing functional impairment in populations with no formal education.

Self-report questionnaires are the most commonly used personality assessment despite longstanding concerns that self-report responses may be distorted by self-protecting motives and response biases. In a large-scale meta-analysis (N = 33,033; k = 152 samples), we compared the means of self- and informant reports of the same target’s Big Five personality traits to examine the discrepancies in two rating sources and whether people see themselves more positively than they are seen by others. Inconsistent with a general self-enhancement effect, results showed that self-report means generally did not differ from informant-report means (average δ = −.038). Moderate mean differences were found only when we compared self-reports with stranger reports, suggesting that people are critical of unacquainted targets. We discuss implications of these findings for personality assessment and other fields in which self-enhancement motives are relevant.

Family functioning is often impaired in families with a parent with mental illness and is linked to child mental health. This study aims to gain a better understanding of family functioning in affected families by comparing ratings among family members and by analyzing associations with clinician-rated family functioning. The cross-sectional sample comprised 210 families with ratings of 207 patients, 139 partners, and 100 children. Parents with a mental illness as well as their partners and children completed the German version of the Family Assessment Measure (FAM). Clinician ratings were obtained by the Global Assessment of Relational Functioning Scale (GARF). We conducted several mixed models to compare ratings of family functioning while accounting for family cluster. Family dysfunction was consistently elevated compared to a normative sample. On several domains, parents with a mental illness perceived family functioning to be worse compared to their partners and children. Partners and children did not differ in their perceptions of family functioning. Ratings of family members were moderately associated with clinician ratings. We discuss the importance of multi-informant assessment of family functioning and the implementation of family-based interventions for families with a parent with mental illness.

Parents and adolescents may hold discrepant views about parents’ behaviors, which may be related to adolescent maladjustment. The goal of the present investigation was to examine associations between overprotective parenting and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems and the frustration of their psychological needs (for autonomy, relatedness and competence), thereby considering both congruence and incongruence in adolescents’ and mothers’ reports of overprotective parenting. Our sample consisted of 402 mother-adolescent dyads (M adolescent age = 16.8 years, 63% female), who reported upon the mothers’ overprotective parenting. In addition, adolescents filled out questionnaires assessing their internalizing and externalizing problems and psychological need frustration. Data were analyzed using polynomial regressions with response surface analysis. Results showed evidence for a linear, additive relationship between adolescents’ and mothers’ reports of overprotective parenting, and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing symptoms and relatedness and competence frustration. That is, higher scores in adolescents’ and mothers’ ratings of overprotective parenting were associated with more maladjustment and more need frustration. Moreover, results indicated that incongruence between adolescents’ and mothers’ reports related to more externalizing problems and more autonomy and relatedness frustration, and this was especially the case when adolescents perceived higher levels of overprotection than what was reported by mothers. These results underscore the importance of considering multiple perspectives when studying the dynamics involved in overprotective parenting.