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\"This book features 20 in-depth, candid interviews. Interviewees include CEOs, founders, pioneers, and inventors from a wide spectrum of tech organizations ranging from software to hardware across sectors as varied as accounting, genomics, mobile technology, e-commerce, business intelligence, online education, and video games. Danielle Newnham, a mobile startup and e-commerce entrepreneur and online community organizer, presents the insights, instructive anecdotes, strategies, and advice shared by women, including the obstacles they encountered and how they overcame them.\" -- From publisher

Information professionals are under constant stress.Libraries are ushering in sweeping changes that involve the closing of branches and reference desks, wholesale dumping of print, disappearing space, and employment of non-professional staff to fill what have traditionally been the roles of librarians.

This article draws on critical geographic engagements with policing and race and geographic information systems (GIS) to investigate the implications that predictive crime mapping has for racialized modes of urban policing. Focusing on the Chicago Police Department (CPD), it analyzes collaborations between geographic information scientists, crime experts, and police who have recently begun integrating temporal data into GIS-based maps to predict when and where future crimes will occur. The article builds the case that predictive crime mapping further entrenches and legitimizes racialized policing as it (1) rearticulates police data sets as scientifically valid and (2) correlates those data with other geocoded information to create new rationalizations for controlling racialized districts through differential policing practices. The article uses a mixed-methods approach that includes analysis of open-ended interviews with computer scientists involved with the CPD's Predictive Analytics Group and city technical documents to explain the recursive relation between GIS-based knowledge production and racialized policing. The article casts into relief the central role that the production of geographic information plays in current modes of racialized policing and how this contributes to the ongoing racial differentiation of urban geographies.

Prototypical instances of disinformation include deceptive advertising (in business and in politics), government propaganda, doctored photographs, forged documents, fake maps, internet frauds, fake websites, and manipulated Wikipedia entries. Disinformation can cause significant harm if people are misled by it. In order to address this critical threat to information quality, we first need to understand exactly what disinformation is. This paper surveys the various analyses of this concept that have been proposed by information scientists and philosophers (most notably, Luciano Floridi). It argues that these analyses are either too broad (that is, that they include things that are not disinformation), or too narrow (they exclude things that are disinformation), or both. Indeed, several of these analyses exclude important forms of disinformation, such as true disinformation, visual disinformation, side-effect disinformation, and adaptive disinformation. After considering the shortcomings of these analyses, the paper argues that disinformation is misleading information that has the function of misleading. Finally, in addition to responding to Floridi’s claim that such a precise analysis of disinformation is not necessary, it briefly discusses how this analysis can help us develop techniques for detecting disinformation and policies for deterring its spread.

Information and IT are central to virtually every industry in which the United States plays a leadership role--financial services, entertainment engineering, aerospace, medicine, law, agriculture, and dozens of other fields--yet colleges have failed to attract, teach, and produce a new generation of information professionals to meet the growing need. In \"Information Nation\", three dedicated educators ask, \"Why?\" They present three years of research on students and workers in the information professions, highlighting barriers to inclusion and retention of U.S. students in information-related fields. They analyze the forces that prevent high school and college students from getting the interdisciplinary skills they need to help the U.S. regain and retain leadership in the world of information--and they tell the stories of a diverse group of students who are thriving in new majors and new jobs that have the potential to revitalize our economy. Whether you are an educator, school administrator, guidance counselor, parent, or student, \"Information Nation\" will provide you with vital insight into the future of the information society along with an understanding of the educational paths and career options available to the information professional of tomorrow.

Background:A growing literature focuses on the roles of brokers, intermediaries, and boundary spanners (BIBS) in addressing the challenges of transferring research evidence between the research and practice or policy communities. Aims and objectives:In this systematic review, we examined two research questions: (1) where, how, and when are different BIBS terms (broker, intermediary, and boundary spanner) used? and (2) which BIBS terms get defined, and when these terms are defined, who are BIBS and what do they do? Methods:We conducted literature searches designed to capture articles on BIBS and the transfer of research evidence. We extracted information about eligible articles’ characteristics, use of BIBS terms, and definitions of BIBS terms. Findings:The search revealed an initial pool of 667 results, of which 277 articles were included after screening. Although we coded 430 separate uses of BIBS terms, only 37.2% of these uses provided explicit definitions. The terms, ‘broker’ and ‘brokerage’, were commonly applied in the health sector to describe a person engaged in multiple functions. The term, ‘intermediary’, was commonly applied in the education sector to describe an organisation engaged in dissemination. Finally, the terms ‘boundary spanner’ and ‘boundary spanning’ were commonly applied in the environment sector to describe people or organisations that engage in relationship building. Discussion and conclusions:Results demonstrated that when BIBS were defined, there were important (albeit implicit) distinctions between terms. Based on these results, we identify archetypal definitions for brokers, intermediaries, and boundary spanners and offer recommendations for future research.

Systematically synthesize research about factors that influence CPD over a nursing career. Continuing professional development (CPD) in nursing is defined as ‘a life-long process of active participation in learning activities that assist in developing and maintaining continuing competences, enhancing professional practice and supporting achievement of career goals’. Research has shown that inability to access resources and activities for CPD influences quality of care and adversely affects nurses’ satisfaction, recruitment and retention. Although more and more research regarding CPD is done, a comprehensive overview about the needs of nurses for successful CPD is missing. Scoping review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews ensuring all quality standards are met. Between February and April 2020 the electronic databases CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Psychinfo and Eric were searched as well as reference lists of included papers. Papers published in peer-reviewed journals were included without restrictions on publication date, design or setting. Thematic analysis was done to synthesize the data. The search yielded 2673 papers of which 60 papers were included. Analyses showed that factors that influence CPD differ over a nursing career, which led to the identification of three groups: newly graduated nurses; experienced nurses; and experienced nurses with ambitions for advanced roles. Furthermore, analyses showed that factors for all three groups are related to personal and contextual facilitators and barriers. Newly graduated nurses find it important to be an accepted member of the team. They experience barriers when integrating into the nursing profession, where they for instance experience workplace incivility. Experienced nurses experience contextual barriers related to a lack of supportive structures and inaccessibility of CPD resources. There is limited time and availability of role models and a lack of support from managers and other colleagues. Moreover, the clinical care dynamics influence their ability to pursue CPD. For the experienced nurses with ambitions for advanced roles, an important barrier is that nursing culture emphasizes direct patient care. Often it is unclear what the value is of new nursing roles which makes it difficult for them to develop these. All nurses strive for CPD. However, organizations need to recognize nurses' personal goals and unique strategies as this leads to different needs in CPD. In addition, resources must be made available and accessible before CPD can be successfully pursued by all nurses. Factors that influence Continuing Professional Development differ over a nursing career and are related to personal and contextual facilitators and barriers. All nurses pursue CPD, but all have personal goals, use unique strategies and therefore have different needs.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to review the psychological literature on curiosity and its relationship to information-seeking behaviour, and compare this with the information science literature on the same subject.Design/methodology/approachThe approach adopted is that of a comparative literature review, with an analysis of the papers retrieved in terms of their theoretical approach, context, study population and research method.FindingsCuriosity is understood as a multi-faceted cognitive trait in humans and the relationship to information-seeking behaviour is explored through an exploration of other personality characteristics. There is very little citation of the information science literature in the psychological papers, and only a little more citation of the psychological literature in the information science papers.Originality/valueThe author is not aware of any similar exploration of the literature on curiosity.

PurposeThe article aims to give an overview of the history and the achieved status of information science in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with an emphasis on the organisation of information science and practice in the GDR and on the theoretical foundations of information science.Design/methodology/approachPrimarily, this article is based upon critical literature studies, especially German-language books and journal articles, but the empirical basis also includes some unpublished sources (e.g. letters from information scientists from the GDR).FindingsThere are interesting results concerning the roots of information science in cybernetics, philosophy and the practical area of documentation. The naming of this knowledge field as “informatics”, “informatics of science” or “information and documentation science” is partly very distinct from Western conceptions. We found different theoretical foundations for information science including the approaches of Bonitz, Engelbert, Koblitz and Groß and Fuchs-Kittowski. In the GDR, information science and information practice were centralised, but through the information system science and technology, they were consistently accessible at all levels of professional work. With German reunification, information practice and its institutions, as well as GDR’s information science efforts, disappeared.Research limitations/implicationsThe article gives hints on the importance on and the survival of some GDR approaches in contemporary information science, but those developments should be analysed in much more detail.Originality/valueThis is the first overview article on the state and entire development of information science in the GDR.