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"Infrastructure (Economics)-Social aspects"
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Correction: An economic analysis of the health-related benefits associated with bicycle infrastructure investment in three Canadian cities
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246419.].
Journal Article
Metro Nature, Environmental Health, and Economic Value
Nearly 40 years of research provides an extensive body of evidence about human health, well-being, and improved function benefits associated with experiences of nearby nature in cities.
We demonstrate the numerous opportunities for future research efforts that link metro nature, human health and well-being outcomes, and economic values.
We reviewed the literature on urban nature-based health and well-being benefits. In this review, we provide a classification schematic and propose potential economic values associated with metro nature services.
Economic valuation of benefits derived from urban green systems has largely been undertaken in the fields of environmental and natural resource economics, but studies have not typically addressed health outcomes. Urban trees, parks, gardens, open spaces, and other nearby nature elements-collectively termed metro nature-generate many positive externalities that have been largely overlooked in urban economics and policy. Here, we present a range of health benefits, including benefit context and beneficiaries. Although the understanding of these benefits is not yet consistently expressed, and although it is likely that attempts to link urban ecosystem services and economic values will not include all expressions of cultural or social value, the development of new interdisciplinary approaches that integrate environmental health and economic disciplines are greatly needed.
Metro nature provides diverse and substantial benefits to human populations in cities. In this review, we begin to address the need for development of valuation methodologies and new approaches to understanding the potential economic outcomes of these benefits.
Journal Article
Green infrastructure planning : reintegrating landscape in urban planning
This useful guide provides an essential introduction to green infrastructure for planners, landscape architects, engineers and environmentalists.
Book
Microbial production of advanced biofuels
Concerns over climate change have necessitated a rethinking of our transportation infrastructure. One possible alternative to carbon-polluting fossil fuels is biofuels produced by engineered microorganisms that use a renewable carbon source. Two biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, have made inroads in displacing petroleum-based fuels, but their uptake has been limited by the amounts that can be used in conventional engines and by their cost. Advanced biofuels that mimic petroleum-based fuels are not limited by the amounts that can be used in existing transportation infrastructure but have had limited uptake due to costs. In this Review, we discuss engineering metabolic pathways to produce advanced biofuels, challenges with substrate and product toxicity with regard to host microorganisms and methods to engineer tolerance, and the use of functional genomics and machine learning approaches to produce advanced biofuels and prospects for reducing their costs.Biofuels produced by conversion of biomass by engineered microorganisms have the potential to replace fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions. In this Review, Keasling and colleagues discuss engineering of metabolic pathways to produce advanced biofuels and approaches to reduce metabolite toxicity and cost and increase titre, rate and yield.
Journal Article
Unveiling the dynamic coupling and driving mechanisms among digital infrastructure, economic resilience and carbon productivity
Investigating the coupled and coordinated relationship among digital infrastructure (DI), economic resilience (ER) and carbon productivity (CP) is pivotal for advancing sustainable development in China. This study employs multiple approaches, including the coupling coordination model, kernel density estimation, Markov chain, and spatial Durbin model, to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of the coupling coordination degree (CCD) from 2013 to 2021. The findings are as follows. First, the average levels of DI, ER and CP show a consistent upward trajectory. Second, the CCD among the three systems exhibits steady growth, transitioning from a state of “general out of balance” to “barely coupling coordination”. Spatially, the CCD demonstrates a characteristic pattern of decreasing from east to west. Overall, achieving a “cross-level transition” in CCD is challenging, and the neighboring provinces significantly influence the enhancement of local CCD. Third, the CCD demonstrates a positive spatial agglomeration effect, with stable hotspots concentrated in regions such as Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Fourth, strategic emerging industries, population density, human capital, and environmental regulation intensity positively contribute to the local CCD, whereas financial development exerts a negative impact. Regarding spatial spillover effects, strategic emerging industries and environmental regulation intensity exert positive influences, while population density shows a negative effect. Meanwhile, the spatial spillover effects of human capital and financial development are not significant.
Journal Article
Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Multiple Measures of Blue and Green Spaces in the United States
Several studies have evaluated whether the distribution of natural environments differs between marginalized and privileged neighborhoods. However, most studies restricted their analyses to a single or handful of cities and used different natural environment measures.
We evaluated whether natural environments are inequitably distributed based on socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity in the contiguous United States.
We obtained SES and race/ethnicity data (2015-2019) for all U.S. Census tracts. For each tract, we calculated the Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 2020, NatureScore (a proprietary measure of the quantity and quality of natural elements) for 2019, park cover for 2020, and blue space for 1984-2018. We used generalized additive models with adjustment for potential confounders and spatial autocorrelation to evaluate associations of SES and race/ethnicity with NDVI, NatureScore, park cover, and odds of containing blue space in all tracts (
) and in urban tracts (
). To compare effect estimates, we standardized NDVI, NatureScore, and park cover so that beta coefficients presented a percentage increase or decrease of the standard deviation (SD).
Tracts with higher SES had higher NDVI, NatureScore, park cover, and odds of containing blue space. For example, urban tracts in the highest median household income quintile had higher NDVI [44.8% of the SD (95% CI: 42.8, 46.8)] and park cover [16.2% of the SD (95% CI: 13.5, 19.0)] compared with urban tracts in the lowest median household income quintile. Across all tracts, a lower percentage of non-Hispanic White individuals and a higher percentage of Hispanic individuals were associated with lower NDVI and NatureScore. In urban tracts, we observed weak positive associations between percentage non-Hispanic Black and NDVI, NatureScore, and park cover; we did not find any clear associations for percentage Hispanics.
Multiple facets of the natural environment are inequitably distributed in the contiguous United States. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11164.
Journal Article