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Ruby, sapphire & spinel : an archaeological, textual and cultural study
Until about two hundred years ago, no gemological distinction was made between ruby and spinel. Red spinel and red ruby are not infrequently found together and though gem cutters and engravers noticed and commented on the difference in hardness, the assumption was that spinel was simply an \"unripe\" version of ruby. Additionally, ruby and sapphire are both versions of the mineral corundum, distinguished only by color and minute traces of the metal oxides that caused these different colors. Sapphires may be pink, yellow, and green as well as blue, while rubies come in many shades of red which, inevitably causes confusion as one person's pale red ruby is another's pink sapphire--there are no absolutes. Consequently, the nomenclature is confused, both within early texts, and also in later translations of those texts. The ancient authors could only report on the basis of the information available to them at the time, while those writing the later translations were fine textual scholars or epigraphers, but not infrequently poor gemologists, not familiar with the mineralogical distinctions between the gems. It has often been difficult to get an overarching view of the many different factors that all played a part in the spread of precious gems and of the dissemination of knowledge about them. Given the paucity of available information concentrating exclusively on the use of ancient precious gemstones, the author combed the literature for relevant references. A surprising amount of descriptive and factual information was found, mostly scattered throughout early texts. The most interesting passages were selected and wherever possible the original authors' words were quoted rather than paraphrased. The early translations in the languages used by 17th-19th century scholars are given, names of people, places or objects that otherwise might have remained obscure are explained. Gems travel. They follow wealth and because of their natural immutability, the only way they can be identified by culture is by the way man has affected their appearance, deliberately or accidentally. The dating of gems that are still in original period settings is easier because the dated typology of rings and jewelry settings generally, is more secure than the study of gem shapes, while the study and dating of specific faceting styles of unmounted stones is still in its infancy.
Book
Mit Wema Takhtu unterwegs, auch in Almosi und Reh?
In 2022, several texts were found written on stone in the Almosi Gorge, in the mountains north of Dushanbe, Tajikistan. One mentions the name and the title of the second Kushan king, Wema Takhtu, in standard Bactrian. In terms of geographical location, this gorge today marks the northernmost evidence of Kushan dominance. Two other texts were found nearby, written in an “unknown” script. In one of them, the same name and title were soon recognized by several scholars and so this script ceased to be “entirely undecipherable”. Despite the identical spelling of the name and title, some explained the language behind the text in the unknown script as non-standard Bactrian. The paper suggests a new and full reading and a circumstantial interpretation of two of the three inscriptions and asserts a general identity of the languages concerned. It is also suggested that the site was a
, a place for the exposition of the dead bodies of Zoroastrians and the deposition of their excarnated bones. Wema Takhtu is mentioned because one or two of the dead left in the graveyard were his sons. J. Cribb deduced from a mutilated inscription that Wema Takhtu had advanced militarily as far east as Reh, near Kaushambi. The inscription of Reh is inspected and a restoration of the visible part is proposed. Wema Takhtu has nothing to do with the Liṅga inscription found there, which instead seems to recall the fights of advancing Scythian kingdoms against Indian defenders, particularly Khāravela of Kaliṅga.
Journal Article
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
This volume contains a detailed grammatical description of the Safaitic Inscriptions, covering topics in script and orthography, phonology, morphology, and syntax. The volume also contains an appendix of over 500 inscriptions and an annotated dictionary.
eBook
Panhellenes at Methone : graphê in late geometric and protoarchaic Methone, Macedonia (ca. 700 BCE)
Trends in Classics, a new series and journal to be edited by Franco Montanari and Antonios Rengakos, will publish innovative, interdisciplinary work which brings to the study of Greek and Latin texts the insights and methods of related disciplines such as narratology, intertextuality, reader-response criticism, and oral poetics. Both publications will seek to publish research across the full range of classical antiquity. The series Trends in Classics Studies welcomes monographs, edited volumes, conference proceedings and collections of papers; it will provide an important forum for the ongoing debate about where Classics fits in modern cultural and historical studies. The journal Trends in Classics will be published twice a year with approx. 160 pp. per issue. Each year one issue will be devoted to a specific subject with articles edited by a guest editor.
eBook
A Corpus of Syriac Incantation Bowls
In A Corpus of Syriac Incantation Bowls, Marco Moriggi assembles and reedits forty-nine previously published Syriac incantation bowls, with accompanying introductions, translations, philological notes, photographs and glossaries, as well as an analysis of the scripts with accompanying script charts.
eBook
The Materiality of Text - Placement, Perception, and Presence of Inscribed Texts in Classical Antiquity
This volume explores the significance of the physical materials and contexts of inscribed texts in Greek and Roman antiquity and their performative roles in ancient society from an anthropological and historical perspective (7th century B.C.E. to 4th century C.E.).
eBook
The Medieval Salento
Located in the heel of the Italian boot, the Salento region was home to a diverse population between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. Inhabitants spoke Latin, Greek, and various vernaculars, and their houses of worship served sizable congregations of Jews as well as Roman-rite and Orthodox Christians. Yet the Salentines of this period laid claim to a definable local identity that transcended linguistic and religious boundaries. The evidence of their collective culture is embedded in the traces they left behind: wall paintings and inscriptions, graffiti, carved tombstone decorations, belt fittings from graves, and other artifacts reveal a wide range of religious, civic, and domestic practices that helped inhabitants construct and maintain personal, group, and regional identities.The Medieval Salentoallows the reader to explore the visual and material culture of a people using a database of over three hundred texts and images, indexed by site. Linda Safran draws from art history, archaeology, anthropology, and ethnohistory to reconstruct medieval Salentine customs of naming, language, appearance, and status. She pays particular attention to Jewish and nonelite residents, whose lives in southern Italy have historically received little scholarly attention. This extraordinarily detailed visual analysis reveals how ethnic and religious identities can remain distinct even as they mingle to become a regional culture.
eBook
Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World
This major reference work covers all aspects of architectural inscriptions in the Muslim world: the artists and their patrons, what inscriptions add to architectural design, what materials were used, what their purpose was and how they infuse buildings with meaning.
eBook