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Research on precarious work and its consequences overwhelmingly focuses on the economic dimension of precarity, epitomized by low wages. But the rise in precarious work also involves a major shift in its temporal dimension, such that many workers now experience routine instability in their work schedules. This temporal instability represents a fundamental and under-appreciated manifestation of the risk shift from firms to workers. A lack of suitable existing data, however, has precluded investigation of how precarious scheduling practices affect workers’ health and well-being. We use an innovative approach to collect survey data from a large and strategically selected segment of the U.S. workforce: hourly workers in the service sector. These data reveal that exposure to routine instability in work schedules is associated with psychological distress, poor sleep quality, and unhappiness. Low wages are also associated with these outcomes, but unstable and unpredictable schedules are much more strongly associated. Precarious schedules affect worker well-being in part through the mediating influence of household economic insecurity, yet a much larger proportion of the association is driven by work-life conflict. The temporal dimension of work is central to the experience of precarity and an important social determinant of well-being.

Safe, reliable, and equitable water access is critical to human health and livelihoods. In the United States, an estimated 471,000 households or 1.1 million individuals lack a piped water connection and 73% of households are located in cities, close to networked supply. In this study, we undertake a nationwide analysis of urban water access in the United States, with the aim of explaining the drivers of infrastructural inequality in the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Drawing on statistical analysis and regression modeling of census microdata at the household scale, our analysis reveals spatial and sociodemographic patterns of racialized, class-based, and housing disparities that characterize plumbing poverty. Among unplumbed households, we show that households headed by people of color are almost 35% more likely to lack piped water as compared to white, non-Hispanic households. Precarious housing conditions are an equally strong predictor: Renter-occupied households in the 50 largest US metros were 1.61 times more likely than owner-occupied households to lack piped water. We argue that insecure domestic water access in the United States should be understood as a housing issue that reflects structural inequalities of race and class, particularly in cities with widening wealth gaps. The article concludes with a call for research and action at the intersection of water provision, housing, and social inequality—a paradigm we call the housing–water nexus.

Household food insecurity (HFI) is a powerful stressor negatively associated with early childhood development (ECD). However, no comprehensive review has examined the association of HFI and ECD. Therefore, this systematic review and meta‐analysis investigated the association between HFI and ECD domains and subdomains in children under 5 years old. Peer‐reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched in electronic databases with no year or language restrictions. Studies were eligible if they assessed the association between HFI and one or more ECD domains. Data were extracted using a standard predefined protocol. Meta‐analysis was performed, and the heterogeneity across studies was explored. Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review and 14 in the meta‐analysis. Of the studies, 15 were from high income countries (HICs) and four from low–middle income countries (LMICs). For developmental risk and the cognitive/math and cognitive/school readiness and reading subdomains, the only studies available were conducted in HICs. The meta‐analysis showed that HFI was associated with developmental risk (OR 1.28; 95% CI [1.14, 1.45]), cognitive/vocabulary (OR 0.94; 95% CI [0.90, 0.98]), and cognitive/math (OR 0.84; 95% CI [0.73, 0.96]). HFI was marginally associated with cognitive/school readiness and reading (OR 0.91; 95% CI [0.82, 1.00]) and motor development (OR; 0.91, 95% CI [0.80, 1.04]). HFI was associated with poor ECD in children under 5 years old. Specifically, HFI was associated with developmental risk and poor math skills in studies conducted in HICs and with poor vocabulary skills in studies conducted in both HICs and LMICs. Prospective studies examining HFI and ECD are needed in LMICs.

Converging research indicates that household food insecurity impedes children from reaching their full physical, cognitive, and psychosocial potential. This state-of-the-art review examines the last decade of research to: (1) describe the impact of the severity and persistence of food insecurity on child development; (2) use a socio-ecological framework to examine significant proximal and distal factors which may interplay; and (3) outline directions for future research. We conducted a systematic review of six databases of published papers from 2011 to June 2021. The search was limited to high-income countries and children aged from birth to 12 years. From 17,457 papers, 17 studies were included in the final review. Transitioning between food security and food insecurity had a significant and lasting effect on academic/cognitive function and behavior (i.e., externalizing), however less clear relationships were seen for psychosocial outcomes and other behaviors examined (i.e., internalizing). There was significant variation in the measurement and thresholds used to define both food insecurity and child development outcomes. Subsequently, comparisons across studies are difficult. Several future recommendations, including incorporation of socio-ecological factors, is provided. In conclusion, this review supports the link between food insecurity and sub-optimal child development; however, there is an imperative to improve and extend current understanding to ameliorate the causes of food insecurity.

In the context of the economic recession and welfare reform in the UK there have been ongoing political debates regarding food insecurity. Food has an important role in defining people’s identities, yet the rapid growth in the number of food banks and food donation points in supermarkets and schools suggests a normalisation of food aid. Moreover, an estimated three million individuals are thought to be at risk of malnutrition in the UK. We examine: the discourse of food aid and the demonisation of those living in poverty, the scale of malnutrition, and the experiences of food bank users by drawing on survey data and case studies. Substantial numbers of people were constrained in their food choices, whilst food bank users had concerns about the social stigma of food aid. It is questionable whether the present policy approach is economically and politically efficient given the impact on people’s health and well-being.

Household water insecurity is a global threat to human health and development, yet existing metrics lack a systematic consideration of geographic inequality and spatial variation. In this article, we introduce the notion of plumbing poverty as a conceptual and methodological heuristic to examine the intersectional nature of infrastructure, space, and social inequality. Plumbing poverty is understood in a dual sense: first, as a material and infrastructural condition produced by social relations that fundamentally vary through space and, second, as a methodology that operationalizes the spatial exploration of social inequality. Drawing on millions of census records, we strip household water security down to a single vital measure-the presence of complete household plumbing-to assess its spatial and sociodemographic trends. We identify distinct hot spots (geographic clusters of higher than average values) of plumbing poverty, track its social and spatial variance, and expose its fundamentally racialized nature. Our study finds that plumbing poverty is neither spatially nor socially random in the United States. Rather, plumbing incompleteness is spatially clustered in certain regions of the country and is clearly racialized: Living in an American Indian or Alaskan Native, black, or Hispanic household increases the odds of being plumbing poor, and these predictors warp and woof through space. In considering who experiences the slow violence of infrastructural dysfunction, a geography that is simultaneously ignored and unevenly expressed in the United States, we argue that analyses of space and social difference are central to understanding household water insecurity and must be prioritized in the development of cross-comparable metrics and global measurement tools. Key Words: census microdata, hot spot analysis, household water insecurity, infrastructural geographies, IPUMS. 家户水资源不安全，是对人类健康与发展的全球危害，但既有的度量，却缺乏对地理不均和空间变异的系统性考量。我们于本文中引入\"配管贫穷\"一词，作为概念与方法论上的启发，以检视基础建设、空间与社会不均之间的相互交织本质。配管贫穷以双重观念进行理解：首先作为由根本上具有空间变异的社会关系所生产的物质与基础建设条件，再者，作为操作社会不均的空间探索之方法。运用数以百万计的人口普查纪录，我们将家户水资源安全拆解成单一的重要测量--完整家户配管的存在--以评估其空间和社会人口趋势。我们指认配管贫穷的显着热点（较平均值为高的地理群聚), 追溯其社会和空间变异，并揭露其根本上的种族化本质。我们的研究发现，在美国，配管贫穷在空间或社会上并非具任意性。反之，配管不全在空间上集中于美国的若干区域，并明显是种族化的：居住于美国印地安人或阿拉斯加原住民族、黑人或西裔的家户中，增加了配管不足的机会，且这些预测指标随着空间经纬而异。在考量什麽人经历基础建设功能障碍的慢性暴力中--一种在美国同时受到忽略并不均展现的地理--我们主张，空间与社会差异的分析，是理解家户水资源不安全的核心，并且必需在建立横跨可比较的度量和全球测量工具时给予优先顺序。关键词：人口普查微观数据，热点分析，家户水资源不安全，基础建设地理学，微观共享整合数据库（IPUMS）。 La inseguridad en la disponibilidad de agua potable para uso doméstico es una amenaza global para la salud y el desarrollo humano, aunque las métricas existentes adolecen de la falta de consideración sistemática de la desigualdad geográfica y la variación espacial. En este artículo presentamos la noción de pobreza de plomería como heurística conceptual y metodológica para examinar la naturaleza interseccional de la infraestructura, el espacio y la desigualdad social. La pobreza de plomería se entiende en un sentido dual: primero, como una condición material e infraestructural producida por las relaciones sociales que fundamentalmente varían a través del espacio, y, segundo, como una metodología que operacionaliza la exploración espacial de la desigualdad social. Basándonos en millones de registros censales, desnudamos la seguridad del agua para uso doméstico, hasta convertirla en una sencilla medida vital-la presencia de una cabal plomería en el hoga-para evaluar sus tendencias espaciales y sociodemográficas. Identificamos puntos calientes perceptibles (agrupamientos geográficos con valores más altos que el promedio) de pobreza de plomería, rastreamos su varianza social y espacial, y exponemos su naturaleza fundamentalmente racializada. Nuestro estudio establece que la pobreza de plomería en los Estados Unidos no es ni espacial ni socialmente aleatoria. En vez de eso, la plomería deficiente se presenta agrupada espacialmente en ciertas regiones del país y es claramente racializada: Vivir en un hogar de indígenas americanos o nativos de Alaska, negro o hispánico, incrementa las posibilidades de ser pobre en plomería, y tales predictores campean a través del espacio. Al considerar quién experimenta la lenta violencia de la disfunción estructural, una geografía que es simultáneamente ignorada y expresada de manera desigual en los Estados Unidos, consideramos que los análisis de espacio y de diferencia social son centrales para entender la inseguridad del agua para uso doméstico y debe tener prioridad en el desarrollo de métricas comparables y herramientas de medición de uso global. Palabras clave: análisis de puntos calientes, geografías infraestructurales, inseguridad de agua potable, microdatos censales, IPUMS.

Poor dietary patterns leading to poorer health and increased health care use have affected people living in disadvantaged economic circumstances in the UK for decades, which many fear will be exacerbated due to the UK's current so-called ‘cost of living crisis’. The voices of experts by experience of those health and social inequalities are not routinely included in health improvement intervention development in relation to obesity prevention policy and programmes. Obesity is highly correlated with food insecurity experience in high-income country contexts (where food insecurity data are routinely collected) and is similarly socially patterned. Using a health equity lens, this review paper highlights qualitative research findings that have revealed the perspectives and direct experiences of people living with food insecurity, or those others supporting food-insecure households, that shed light on the role and influence of the socio-economic contextual factors food-insecure people live with day-to-day. Insights from qualitative research that have focused on the granular detail of day-to-day household resource management can help us understand not only how food insecurity differentially impacts individual household members, but also how behavioural responses/food coping strategies are playing into pathways that lead to avoidable ill health such as obesity, diabetes and other chronic health conditions, including mental health problems. This review paper concludes by discussing research and policy implications in relation to food-insecure households containing people with chronic health conditions, and for pregnant women and families with infants and very young children living in the UK today.

This study examined access to water, food, and nutrition programs among marginalized communities in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, and their effects on nutrition. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used in this study. We held two focus group discussions (one with 10 males and one with 10 females) and conducted in-depth interviews with 15 key stakeholders, including 20 mothers and 10 healthcare providers. A survey of 235 households was carried out to evaluate water and food insecurity, with the data analyzed using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, t-test, and Pearson’s chi-square test. The results revealed that 90% of households experienced moderate-to-severe water insecurity, and 73% faced moderate-to-severe food insecurity. Household water and food insecurity were positively correlated with each other (correlation coefficient = 0.205; p = 0.004). Greater household water (p = 0.028) and food insecurity (p < 0.001) were both associated with higher perceived stress. Furthermore, lower socioeconomic status was strongly related to higher levels of water (p < 0.001) and food insecurity (p < 0.001). Qualitative findings highlight the impact of colonial and post-colonial policies, which have resulted in water injustice, supply issues, and corruption in water administration. Women face significant challenges in fetching water, including stigma, harassment, and gender vulnerabilities, leading to conflicts and injuries. Water scarcity and poor quality adversely affect sanitation, hygiene, and breastfeeding practices among lactating mothers. Structural adjustment policies have exacerbated inflation and reduced purchasing power. Respondents reported a widespread lack of dietary diversity and food quality. Nutrition programs face obstacles such as the exclusion of people with low social and cultural capital, underfunding, weak monitoring, health sector corruption, and the influence of formula milk companies allied with the medical community and bureaucracy. This study concludes that addressing the macro-political and economic causes of undernutrition should be prioritized to improve nutrition security in Pakistan.

Currently, there is a contradiction between the growing number of mobile applications in use and the responsibility that is placed on them, on the one hand, and the imperfection of the methods and tools for ensuring the security of mobile applications, on the other hand. Therefore, ensuring the security of mobile applications by developing effective methods and tools is a challenging task today. This study aims to evaluate the mutual correlations and weights of factors and consequences of mobile application insecurity. We have developed a method of evaluating the weights of factors of mobile application insecurity, which, taking into account the mutual correlations of mobile application insecurity consequences from these factors, determines the weights of the factors and allows us to conclude which factors are necessary to identify and accurately determine (evaluate) to ensure an appropriate level of reliability of forecasting and assess the security of mobile applications. The experimental results of our research are the evaluation of the weights of ten OWASP mobile application insecurity factors the identification of the mutual correlations of the consequences of mobile applications’ insecurity from these factors, and the identification of common factors on which more than one consequence depends.