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"Intellectual Disability history"
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A rhetoric of remnants : idiots, half-wits, and other state-sponsored inventions
Examines the rhetoric in and around the New York State Asylum for Idiots in Syracuse, New York from 1854 to 1884.
eBook
Intellectual disability : a conceptual history, 1200-1900
\"This collection explores the historical origins of our modern concepts of intellectual or learning disability. The essays, from some of the leading historians of ideas of intellectual disability, focus on British and European material from the Middle Ages to the late-nineteenth century and extend across legal, educational, literary, religious, philosophical and psychiatric histories. They investigate how precursor concepts and discourses were shaped by and interacted with their particular social, cultural and intellectual environments, eventually giving rise to contemporary ideas. The collection is essential reading for scholars interested in the history of intelligence, intellectual disability and related concepts, as well as in disability history generally\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Who Was Deborah Kallikak?
The Kallikak Family was, along with The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity, one of the most visible eugenic family narratives published in the early 20th century. Published in 1912 and authored by psychologist Henry Herbert Goddard, director of the psychological laboratory at the Vineland Training School for Feebleminded Children in Vineland, New Jersey, The Kallikak Family told the tale of a supposedly “degenerate” family from rural New Jersey, beginning with Deborah, one of the inmates at the Training School. Like most publications in the genre, this pseudoscientific treatise described generations of illiterate, poor, and purportedly immoral Kallikak family members who were chronically unemployed, supposedly feebleminded, criminal, and, in general, perceived as threats to “racial hygiene.” Presented as a “natural experiment” in human heredity, this text served to support eugenic activities through much of the first half of the 20th century. This article reviews the story of Deborah Kallikak, including her true identity, and provides evidence that Goddard's treatise was incorrect.
Journal Article
'Four Corners and a Void': Idiocy and Childhood Disability in Nineteenth-Century America
Over the second half of the nineteenth century, thousands of Americans were admitted to schools for so-called idiotic children, later known as institutions for the feebleminded and linked to the Eugenics movement. While idiocy is often presumed to be the antecedent of intellectual disability, an analysis of the stories of three hundred children admitted to one such institution over a forty-year period demonstrates an unexpected diversity of appearances, abilities, and behaviors. Within the walls of the institution, idiocy was composed of children whose perceived abilities deviated from the expectations of their social position. Families further shaped the diagnosis of idiocy by negotiating the timing of admission for their children, influenced not only by personal factors, but by shifting educational and employment opportunities, and cultural tolerance of diversity. Consequently, idiocy became the broadest descriptor of disability during the nineteenth century.
Journal Article
Patenting the PKU Test — Federally Funded Research and Intellectual Property
In 1960, Robert Guthrie invented a new assay to detect phenylketonuria in newborns, inspiring hope for treating mental retardation. But efforts to patent and license the test generated controversy, presaging current debates over commercialization in biomedicine.
In 1960, microbiologist Robert Guthrie and technician Ada Susi invented a bacterial inhibition assay that reliably detected phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns. The damage caused by PKU, including often profound cognitive impairment, results from an inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid necessary for protein synthesis and normal growth and development. To be effective, treatment with a low-phenylalanine diet must begin in early infancy, before the onset of irreversible neurologic impairment. Although a ferric chloride urine test for PKU existed in the 1950s, it was unreliable until the infant was 6 to 8 weeks old. The new assay was also more . . .
Journal Article
Why the intellectually disabled in the Evans case continue to hold the DC government neglectful after 40 years: a history of differing views about disability rights
This article is about Washington, DC’s intellectually disabled and the history of their struggle for habilitation rights, which for them includes gainful employment and having a family. Against them has been a conservative local and national government and the US District Court in its rulings over the past 40 years in the
case. The disabled have had only limited success in their expansive interpretation of their rights, but by exploiting differences between the government and court, they have obtained concessions concerning basic food, clothing and shelter. For this reason they advocate for an indefinite continuation of the
litigation.
Journal Article
Citizenship, Vulnerability and Mental Incapacity in England, 1900–1960s
Over the twentieth century, the Lunacy Office (renamed the Court of Protection in 1947) was responsible for appointing ‘receivers’ to manage the property of adults in England who were found incapable of managing their own affairs. Tens of thousands of people were in this position by the 1920s, and numbers continued to grow until after Second World War. This article uses the archives of the Office to examine the evolution of the concept of mental incapacity over the first half of the twentieth century, offering a corrective to the popular impression that the time before the Mental Capacity Act of 2005 was an era of ignorance and bad practice. It examines the changing ways in which being ‘incapable’ was understood and described, with particular reference to shifting ideas of citizenship. I argue that incapacity was not always seen as absolute or permanent in the first half of the century, that models of incapacity began to include perceived vulnerability in the interwar period and that women in particular were seen in this way. From the 1940s, though, the profile of those found incapable was changing, and the growing welfare state and its principles of employment and universality saw the idea of incapacity narrowing and solidifying around knowledge deficits, especially among the elderly. This brings the history of the Lunacy Office into the twentieth century and connects it to current concerns around assessments of mental capacity today.
Journal Article
Beyond Terminology: The Policy Impact of a Grassroots Movement
This article discusses the history of the grassroots movement led by self-advocates and their families to replace the stigmatizing term mental retardation with intellectual disability in federal statute. It also describes recent and pending changes in federal regulations and policy to adopt the new terminology for Social Security and Medicaid.
Journal Article