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A method for generally predicting interface chemical bonding at the metal–oxide interface with the interface reaction considered is reported. So far, the interface between pure metal or alloy and 11 oxides—MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, Cr2O3, ZnO, Ga2O3, Y2O3, ZrO2, CdO, La2O3, and HfO2—without considering the interface reaction, has been discussed and implemented in the free web-based software product InterChemBond (v2022). Now, the number of oxides available for prediction is 83 in total. Among them, 29 oxides are in one stable valence, and the others are multi-valence. The newly developed prediction method considering the interface reaction is additionally implemented in InterChemBond. The principles and formula for predicting interface bonding while considering interface reactions are provided as well as some screenshots of the software.

The formation mechanism of calcium vanadate and manganese vanadate and the difference between calcium and manganese in the reaction with vanadium are basic issues in the calcification roasting and manganese roasting process with vanadium slag. In this work, CaO-V 2 O 5 and MnO 2 -V 2 O 5 diffusion couples were prepared and roasted for different time periods to illustrate and compare the diffusion reaction mechanisms. Then, the changes in the diffusion product and diffusion coefficient were investigated and calculated based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Results show that with the extension of the roasting time, the diffusion reaction gradually proceeds among the CaO-V 2 O 5 and MnO 2 -V 2 O 5 diffusion couples. The regional boundaries of calcium and vanadium are easily identifiable for the CaO-V 2 O 5 diffusion couple. Meanwhile, for the MnO 2 -V 2 O 5 diffusion couple, MnO 2 gradually decomposes to form Mn 2 O 3 , and vanadium diffuses into the interior of Mn 2 O 3 . Only a part of vanadium combines with manganese to form the diffusion production layer. CaV 2 O 6 and MnV 2 O 6 are the interfacial reaction products of the CaO-V 2 O 5 and MnO 2 -V 2 O 5 diffusion couples, respectively, whose thicknesses are 39.85 and 32.13 µm when roasted for 16 h. After 16 h, both diffusion couples reach the reaction equilibrium due to the limitation of diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of the CaO-V 2 O 5 diffusion couple is higher than that of the MnO 2 -V 2 O 5 diffusion couple for the same roasting time, and the diffusion reaction between vanadium and calcium is easier than that between vanadium and manganese.

Ozone is a hazardous air pollutant with significant adverse effects on human health and the environment. With the growing industrial use of ozone, effective ozone removal systems have become essential, especially to protect workers’ health. MnO x -based catalysts offer substantial promise for ozone decomposition; however, a major challenge in their application is water molecule poisoning, particularly in high humidity conditions. This study addresses this limitation by developing a hybrid filtration medium that combines an enhanced MnO x catalyst with hydrophobic polymer particles. In bench-scale tests simulating ozone filtration scenarios, MnO x -based catalysts synthesized using solid interface reaction method demonstrated higher efficiency than those produced by co-precipitation method. Among the synthesized catalysts, Ce(0.1)Mn-S catalyst (a Cerium doped catalyst prepared by solid interface reaction) achieved the highest efficiency, notably under high humidity (47.5% efficiency after1 h at 10 ppm and RH = 80%, which is 1.6 times higher than other catalysts). The catalyst, however, experienced efficiency loss under prolonged exposure to humidity (22% after 6 h). To counteract this, poly(vinylidene fluoride) particles—a hydrophobic, ozone-compatible polymer—were integrated into the catalytic medium, resulting a dramatic performance boost (91.5% efficiency after 1 h and 50% after 6 h, under the aforementioned conditions) by hindering interparticle water condensation. The proposed hybrid medium is expected to offer considerable utility in diverse ozone removal settings.

The TiB 2 coating deposited by magnetron sputtering on the Ti6Al4V-simulated blade tip with a dense fiber-like microstructure has the adhesion strength grade of HF1 . High-speed rubbing results showed that the TiB 2 coating could inhibit the adhesive transfer of the Al-hBN seal coating at 300 m/s. It was found that the tribological oxidation of TiB 2 coating led to the TiB 2 /fused Al interface reaction by characterization of the interface microstructure of the Al-adhesive blade tip. The thin interface reaction interlayer mainly consists of TiAl 3 phase. The large thermal stress at TiAl 3 /TiB 2 interface makes the interface reaction layer with the Al-adhesive transfer layer easily peel off from the blade tip. Thus, the Al-adhesive transfer is always at a lower level. Graphical Abstract

Graphene has been considered an ideal reinforcement in aluminum alloys with its high Young’s modulus and fracture strength, which greatly expands the application range of aluminum alloys. However, the dispersion of graphene and the interfacial reaction between graphene and the aluminum matrix limit its application due to elevated temperature. Friction stirring processing (FSP) is regarded as a promising technique to prepare metal matrix composites at lower temperatures. In this paper, FSP was used to prepare graphene-nanoplates-reinforced aluminum composites (GNPs/Al). The corresponding effects of the process parameters and graphene content on GNPs/Al were thoroughly studied. The results showed that plastic strain, heat input, and graphene content were the key influencing factors. Large degrees of plastic strain can enhance the dispersion of graphene by increasing the number of stirring passes and the ratio of stirring to welding velocity, thereby improving the strength of GNPs/Al. Low heat input restricts the plastic flow of graphene in the matrix, whereas excessive heat input can promote interfacial reactions and lead to the formation of a more brittle phase, Al4C3. This is primarily associated with the stirring velocity and welding velocity. High graphene content levels can improve the material strength by refining the grain size, improving the load transfer ability, and acting as a precipitate to prevent dislocation movement. These findings make a contribution to the development of advanced aluminum alloys with graphene reinforcement, offering broader application potential in industries.

Graphene (GR) demonstrates significant potential in enhancing the mechanical performance of titanium matrix composites (TMCs), particularly by improving their tensile strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue resistance, thereby optimizing the overall structural integrity and durability of the composites; however, their practical implementation confronts two fundamental challenges: achieving uniform dispersion and mitigating excessive interfacial TiC formation, which compromises mechanical properties. This review comprehensively explores progress in the fabrication, interfacial design, and mechanical optimization of TMCs reinforced with graphene-based materials. Various processing techniques, such as powder metallurgy (PM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS), are critically analyzed in terms of their advantages and limitations for producing high-performance TMCs. This article analyzes how key parameters in processes like PM and SPS affect graphene structure, dispersion, and interfacial reactions. It outlines strategies—including surface modification, 3D structural design, and multiscale interface engineering—that enhance both strength and toughness. While progress has been made in microscale performance, challenges remain in engineering stability and long-term reliability. Future work should focus on intelligent process optimization and architectured composite manufacturing. By systematically synthesizing existing research findings, this article clarifies the advantages and limitations of current technological approaches, providing a theoretical foundation and technical roadmap for the subsequent development of graphene-reinforced TMCs that exhibit high strength, high toughness, and excellent reliability.

The ceramic filter in continuous casting tundish can effectively improve the cleanliness of high-performance steel by regulating tundish flow field to promote the removal of inclusions and adsorbing or blocking fine inclusions in the molten steel into the mold. The interaction between microporous magnesia refractories used as tundish filter and molten interstitial-free (IF) steel at 1873 K was investigated to reveal the formation mechanism of their interface layer and its effect on steel cleanliness by laboratory research and thermodynamic calculations. The results show that the magnesium–aluminum spinel layer at the interface between the molten IF steel and the microporous magnesia refractories is formed mainly by the reaction of MgO in the refractory with the [Al] and [O] in the molten steel, significantly reducing the total O content, the size and amount of inclusions of the molten steel. In addition, the interparticle phases of microporous magnesia refractories at high temperature can adsorb Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 inclusions in the molten steel into interparticle channels of the refractories to form high melting point spinel, impeding the further penetration of the molten steel. As a result, the consecutive interface layer of high melting point spinel between microporous magnesia refractories and molten steel can improve the cleanliness of the molten steel by adsorbing inclusions in the molten steel and avoid the direct dissolution of refractories of the tundish ceramic filter immersed in the molten steel, increasing their service life.

At high temperature, the chemical reaction mechanism at the interface of magnetite and the influence mechanism of gangue element Al on the oxidation performance of magnetite are not clear. In addition, due to the limitation of existing experimental equipment, it is difficult to clarify the interface reaction mechanism in the oxidation process and the influence mechanism of Al on the surface oxidation reaction of Fe 3 O 4 at an atomic scale at high temperature. The surface oxidation reaction mechanism of magnetite and the influence mechanism of Al on the oxidation of magnetite were studied by experiments and AIMD (ab initio molecular dynamics). The experimental results show that the existence of Al 2 O 3 will reduce the initial oxidation temperature and comprehensive oxidation performance of magnetite. The AIMD results show that aluminum can accelerate the interface reaction rate of Fe 3 O 4 in the high-temperature oxidation atmosphere, but the strong Al–O binding ability is not conducive to the transfer of O atoms in the oxidation process.

The distribution of reinforcements and interfacial bonding state with the metal matrix are crucial factors in achieving excellent comprehensive mechanical properties for aluminum (Al) matrix composites. Normally, after heat treatment, graphene nanosheets (GNSs)/Al composites experience a significant loss of strength. Here, better performance of GNS/Al was explored with a hybrid strategy by introducing 0.9 vol.% silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiCnp) into the composite. Pre-ball milling of Al powders and 0.9 vol.% SiCnp gained Al flakes that provided a large dispersion area for 3.0 vol.% GNS during the shift speed ball milling process, leading to uniformly dispersed GNS for both as-sintered and as-extruded (0.9 vol.% SiCnp + 3.0 vol.% GNS)/Al. High-temperature heat treatment at 600 °C for 60 min was performed on the as-extruded composite, giving rise to intragranular distribution of SiCnp due to recrystallization and grain growth of the Al matrix. Meanwhile, nanoscale Al4C3, which can act as an additional reinforcing nanoparticle, was generated because of an appropriate interfacial reaction between GNS and Al. The intragranular distribution of both nanoparticles improves the Al matrix continuity of composites and plays a key role in ensuring the plasticity of composites. As a result, the work hardening ability of the heat-treated hybrid (0.9 vol.% SiCnp + 3.0 vol.% GNS)/Al composite was well improved, and the tensile elongation increased by 42.7% with little loss of the strength. The present work provides a new strategy in achieving coordination on strength–plasticity of Al matrix composites.

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)-reinforced titanium matrix composites (GNPs/Ti) have been found in extensive applications in aerospace and deep-sea industries, owing to their exceptional properties, including low density, high specific strength, and superior plasticity. GNPs are often incorporated into titanium matrix composites because of their excellent properties. GNPs/Ti matrix composites have strong deformation resistance at room temperature and need to be manufactured at high temperatures. However, high temperatures could result in an interfacial reaction between Ti and GNPs, forming large TiC particles and damaging the GNPs structure, hindering the enhancement effect. Therefore, controlling the interface reaction is crucial for addressing these challenges. This study thoroughly explores existing literature on GNPs/Ti matrix composites, focusing on preparation techniques, interface structure, and interface management. At the same time, the properties of some graphene nanoplatelets or the borides nanowires-reinforced metal matrix composites are also analyzed. It particularly emphasizes challenges in interface control, encompassing the surface modification of GNPs and its effects on microstructure and mechanical properties, control of the interface reaction, and the structure design of a 3D network interface and its effects on mechanical properties. Currently, optimizing the performance of GNPs/Ti matrix composites remains elusive. However, by improving the preparation method, modifying the surface of graphene, controlling the interface reaction and adjusting the interface structure, the interface characteristics can be improved, thereby improving the performance of GNPs/Ti composites.