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In a phase 2 trial, 10-mg bulevirtide plus pegylated interferon alfa-2a was superior to bulevirtide alone with regard to an undetectable HDV RNA level 24 weeks after the end of treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis D.

Drug repurposing provides a rapid approach to meet the urgent need for therapeutics to address COVID-19. To identify therapeutic targets relevant to COVID-19, we conducted Mendelian randomization analyses, deriving genetic instruments based on transcriptomic and proteomic data for 1,263 actionable proteins that are targeted by approved drugs or in clinical phase of drug development. Using summary statistics from the Host Genetics Initiative and the Million Veteran Program, we studied 7,554 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and >1 million controls. We found significant Mendelian randomization results for three proteins (ACE2, P  = 1.6 × 10 −6 ; IFNAR2, P  = 9.8 × 10 −11 and IL-10RB, P  = 2.3 × 10 −14 ) using cis -expression quantitative trait loci genetic instruments that also had strong evidence for colocalization with COVID-19 hospitalization. To disentangle the shared expression quantitative trait loci signal for IL10RB and IFNAR2 , we conducted phenome-wide association scans and pathway enrichment analysis, which suggested that IFNAR2 is more likely to play a role in COVID-19 hospitalization. Our findings prioritize trials of drugs targeting IFNAR2 and ACE2 for early management of COVID-19. Large-scale Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses using gene expression and soluble protein data for 1,263 actionable druggable genes, which encode protein targets for approved drugs or drugs in clinical development, identify IFNAR2 and ACE2 as the most promising therapeutic targets for early management of COVID-19.

Background. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-mediated immune reconstitution fails to restore the capacity of the immune system to spontaneously control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Methods. A total of 23 HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected, virologically suppressed subjects receiving ART (CD4⁺ T-cell count, >450 cells/μL) were randomly assigned to have 180 μg/week (for arm A) or 90 μg/week (for arm B) of pegylated (Peg) interferon alfa-2a added to their current ART regimen. After 5 weeks, ART was interrupted, and Peg-interferon alfa-2a was continued for up to 12 weeks (the primary end point), with an option to continue to 24 weeks. End points included virologie failure (viral load, ≥400 copies/mL) and adverse events. Residual viral load and HIV-1 DNA integration were also assessed. Results. At week 12 of Peg-interferon alfa-2a monotherapy, viral suppression was observed in 9 of 20 subjects (45%), a significantly greater proportion than expected (arm A, P =. 0088; arm B, P =. 0010; combined arms, P< .0001). Over 24 weeks, both arms had lower proportions of subjects who had viral load, compared with the proportion of subjects in a historical control group (arm A, P =. 0046; arm B, P =.0011). Subjects who had a sustained viral load of <400 copies/mL had decreased levels of integrated HIV DNA (P =.0313) but increased residual viral loads (P =.0078), compared with subjects who experienced end-point failure. Conclusions. Peg-interferon alfa-2a immunotherapy resulted in control of HIV replication and decreased HIV-1 integration, supporting a role for immunomediated approaches in HIV suppression and/or eradication.

Objective To assess the pharmacodynamic effects of sifalimumab, an investigational anti-IFN-α monoclonal antibody, in the blood and muscle of adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis patients by measuring neutralisation of a type I IFN gene signature (IFNGS) following drug exposure. Methods A phase 1b randomised, double-blinded, placebo controlled, dose-escalation, multicentre clinical trial was conducted to evaluate sifalimumab in dermatomyositis or polymyositis patients. Blood and muscle biopsies were procured before and after sifalimumab administration. Selected proteins were measured in patient serum with a multiplex assay, in the muscle using immunohistochemistry, and transcripts were profiled with microarray and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays. A 13-gene IFNGS was used to measure the pharmacological effect of sifalimumab. Results The IFNGS was suppressed by a median of 53–66% across three time points (days 28, 56 and 98) in blood (p=0.019) and 47% at day 98 in muscle specimens post-sifalimumab administration. Both IFN-inducible transcripts and proteins were prevalently suppressed following sifalimumab administration. Patients with 15% or greater improvement from baseline manual muscle testing scores showed greater neutralisation of the IFNGS than patients with less than 15% improvement in both blood and muscle. Pathway/functional analysis of transcripts suppressed by sifalimumab showed that leucocyte infiltration, antigen presentation and immunoglobulin categories were most suppressed by sifalimumab and highly correlated with IFNGS neutralisation in muscle. Conclusions Sifalimumab suppressed the IFNGS in blood and muscle tissue in myositis patients, consistent with this molecule's mechanism of action with a positive correlative trend between target neutralisation and clinical improvement. These observations will require confirmation in a larger trial powered to evaluate efficacy.

Patients with chronic hepatitis C who did not have a sustained viral response to peginterferon and ribavirin were randomly assigned to receive low-dose peginterferon or no treatment for 3.5 years. The clinical and histologic outcomes were not better in patients treated with peginterferon. These findings do not support the use of long-term peginterferon in patients who do not have a sustained virologic response to initial therapy. Patients with chronic hepatitis C who did not have a sustained viral response to peginterferon and ribavirin were randomly assigned to receive low-dose peginterferon or no treatment for 3.5 years. The clinical and histologic outcomes were not better in patients treated with peginterferon. More than 3 million Americans and 170 million persons worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), 1 , 2 which can result in progressive hepatic injury and fibrosis, culminating in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. 3 Among adults in the Western world, chronic hepatitis C is a major cause of cirrhosis and a major indication for liver transplantation. Chronic hepatitis C has contributed also to the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, for which few satisfactory therapies exist. 4 Therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin for 24 to 48 weeks leads to a sustained loss of serum HCV RNA (termed a sustained virologic response), . . .

In two studies of sofosbuvir for previously untreated HCV infection, patients with genotype 1, 4, 5, or 6 had a 90% rate of sustained virologic response in a single-group study. In a study of sofosbuvir–ribavirin versus peginterferon–ribavirin for patients with genotype 2 or 3, the response rate was 67% in each group. As many as 170 million persons are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, and more than 350,000 die annually from liver disease caused by HCV. 1 , 2 Estimates of the number of persons in the United States who have chronic HCV infection range from 2.7 million to 5.2 million. 3 , 4 For previously untreated cases of HCV genotype 1 infection (representing more than 70% of all cases of chronic HCV infection in the United States), the current standard of care is 12 to 32 weeks of an oral protease inhibitor combined with 24 to 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa-2a . . .

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is the most aggressive of the myeloproliferative neoplasms and patients require greater attention and likely require earlier therapeutic intervention. Currently approved treatment options are limited in their selective suppression of clonal proliferation resulting from driver- and coexisting gene mutations. Janus kinase inhibitors are approved for symptomatic patients with higher-risk PMF. Additionally, most ongoing clinical studies focus on patients with higher-risk disease and/or high rates of transfusion dependency. Optimal treatment of early/lower-risk PMF remains to be identified and needs randomized clinical trial evaluations. Pegylated interferon alfa is recommended for symptomatic lower-risk PMF patients based on phase 2 non-randomized studies and expert opinion. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b (ropeg) is a new-generation pegylated interferon-based therapy with favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profiles, requiring less frequent injections than prior formulations. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial will assess its efficacy and safety in patients with “early/lower-risk PMF”, defined as pre-fibrotic PMF or PMF at low or intermediate-1 risk according to Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System-plus. Co-primary endpoints include clinically relevant complete hematologic response and symptom endpoint. Secondary endpoints include progression- or event-free survival, molecular response in driver or relevant coexisting gene mutations, bone marrow response, and safety. Disease progression and events are defined based on the International Working Group criteria and well-published reports. 150 eligible patients will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either ropeg or placebo. Blinded sample size re-estimation is designed. Ropeg will be administered subcutaneously with a tolerable, higher starting-dose regimen. The study will provide important data for the treatment of early/lower-risk PMF for which an anti-clonal, disease-modifying agent is highly needed.

Background Interferons (IFNs) are proteins that combat viruses and regulate the immune system. Studies have demonstrated that aerosol inhalation of IFNα is both effective and safe for treating respiratory infections. However, IFNα has a short half-life and is rapidly cleared by lung defenses. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) ylation is a common strategy to extend the duration of drug action. PegIFNα-2b is a long-acting interferon formed by the covalent binding of 40 kDa Y-shaped branched PEG with recombinant human IFNα-2b. This study aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characteristics of nebulized PegIFNα-2b in healthy adult subjects, providing guidance for further clinical investigations. Methods This study employed a randomized, controlled clinical trial design with a total of 18 healthy adult subjects enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to three groups. Treatment group 1 and group 2 received 90 µg and 180 µg of nebulized PegIFNα-2b, respectively, while the control group was administered a combination of 180 µg PegIFNα-2b and 15 mg inhalable Ambroxol Hydrochloride solution, all in a single dose. Safety, tolerability, and blood drug concentration were assessed, along with blood neopterin levels for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Results The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was 38.9% (7/18) with no significant difference among the groups ( P  > 0.05). AEs included anemia ( N  = 5) and leukopenia ( N  = 2), predominantly of grade 1 severity (6/7), with no severe events. Blood PegIFNα-2b concentrations were below detection limits in most subjects, except one in treatment group 2. Neopterin levels were generally low in treatment group 1 and the control group, with slightly higher observed in most subjects of treatment group 2, but differences were not significant ( P  > 0.05). Conclusions Nebulized PegIFNα-2b at doses of 90 µg and 180 µg showed acceptable safety and tolerability. Minimal systemic absorption was observed following inhalation. Further studies are needed to explore its potential, especially in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Clinical trial registration ChiCTR2300074909, retrospectively registered in https://www.chictr.org.cn/ at 20 August 2023.

BACKGROUND. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 170 million people worldwide and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronically infected individuals. Treatment is rapidly evolving from IFN-α-based therapies to IFN-α-free regimens that consist of directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs), which demonstrate improved efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials. Virologic relapse after DAA therapy is a common cause of treatment failure; however, it is not clear why relapse occurs or whether certain individuals are more prone to recurrent viremia. METHODS. We conducted a clinical trial using the DAA sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SOF/RBV) and performed detailed mRNA expression analysis in liver and peripheral blood from patients who achieved either a sustained virologic response (SVR) or relapsed. RESULTS. On-treatment viral clearance was accompanied by rapid downregulation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in liver and blood, regardless of treatment outcome. Analysis of paired pretreatment and end of treatment (EOT) liver biopsies from SVR patients showed that viral clearance was accompanied by decreased expression of type II and III IFNs, but unexpectedly increased expression of the type I IFN IFNA2. mRNA expression of ISGs was higher in EOT liver biopsies of patients who achieved SVR than in patients who later relapsed. CONCLUSION. These results suggest that restoration of type I intrahepatic IFN signaling by EOT may facilitate HCV eradication and prevention of relapse upon withdrawal of SOF/RBV. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01441180.

In a phase 2 trial involving participants taking a nucleoside or nucleotide analogue, 23% of those assigned to receive xalnesiran plus pegylated interferon alfa-2a had HBsAg loss at 24 weeks after the end of treatment.