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Background The prevalence of chronic conditions increases rapidly among older population. However, it is unclear how different chronic conditions progression contributes to the health care utilization, and whether intergenerational support modified this relationship. This study aimed to explore the longitudinal link between chronic condition progression and health care utilization, and examine whether intergenerational financial support is a moderator in this relationship among Chinese rural older people. Methods Data was derived from the Shandong Rural Elderly Health Cohort (SREHC), which was conducted from 2019 to 2020. A total of 2,785 participants were included in this study. Kruskal-Wallis rank tests and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were employed to analyze the association between chronic condition progression and health care utilization. Moderating effect analysis was performed using GEE model and margins plot. Results Older people with progressive chronic conditions used more outpatient (no chronic condition to emerging multimorbidity: OR = 1.83; p  = 0.028; one chronic condition to emerging multimorbidity: OR = 2.17; p  < 0.001; remained multimorbidity while chronic conditions increased: OR = 3.26; p  < 0.001) and inpatient services (no chronic condition to emerging multimorbidity: OR = 2.76; p  < 0.001; one chronic condition to emerging multimorbidity: OR = 3.40; p  < 0.001; remained multimorbidity while chronic conditions increased: OR = 5.32; p  < 0.001) than those remained no chronic conditions. Intergenerational financial support may alleviate outpatient utilization of older people with multimorbidity (remained multimorbidity × intergenerational financial support: OR = 0.40; p  = 0.013; remained multimorbidity while chronic conditions increased × intergenerational financial support: OR = 0.35; p  = 0.019). Conclusion This study showed that the changes of chronic condition were associated with health care utilization, and intergenerational financial support moderated this relationship. It is vital to continuously monitor and timely intervene the chronic condition progression among rural older people.

Against the backdrop of population aging and the prevalence of intergenerational care in China, this study examines the impact of grandchild care on middle-aged and older adults’ cognitive function. It analyzes 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data using an empirical approach that combines causal inference methods (OLS, IV, PSM) with KHB mediation analysis. The analysis reveals a significant positive association between caregiving activities and enhanced cognitive performance, although this benefit gradually diminishes at high-intensity care levels. The caregiving group exhibits three distinctive patterns: (a) an inverted U-shaped relationship between care intensity and cognitive benefits, with moderate-intensity care providing the greatest cognitive improvement; (b) compared to non-caregivers, both newly commenced care and continuous care are associated with improved cognitive function, with newly commenced care demonstrating a more pronounced effect; and (c) the positive cognitive effects of grandchild care are consistent among individuals with both agricultural and non-agricultural household registration (hukou) status. Furthermore, receiving intergenerational financial support and participating in social activities are identified as significant mediating mechanisms. This study recommends promoting moderate-intensity care, strengthening intergenerational economic support, and encouraging social participation to enhance cognitive health in later life. Policy efforts should focus on building supportive community environments and improving grandparent caregivers’ access to social resources. Promoting Cognitive Health Through Grandchild Care: Evidence and Policy Implications from China Background: China’s population is growing older, and many grandparents are involved in caring for their grandchildren. This study looks at how providing such care affects grandparents’ cognitive abilities. Methods: Using data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this study employs linear regression, instrumental variable (IV), and propensity score matching (PSM) methods to identify causal relationships and address endogeneity issues. Furthermore, the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method is applied to test the mediating roles of intergenerational economic support, lifestyle habits, and healthcare utilization. Results: Grandchild care has a significant positive effect on the cognitive function of older adults. Further analysis reveals moderate caregiving brings the greatest cognitive benefits, while too little or too much care can reduce these benefits. Both newly commenced care and continuous care are associated with improved cognitive function, with a stronger effect observed for newly commenced care. Despite institutional disparities associated with the household registration (hukou) system, the positive cognitive effects of grandchild care are consistent among both agricultural and non-agricultural hukou holders. The KHB mediation analysis indicates that receiving intergenerational financial support and participation in social activities are significant mediators, whereas providing financial support and healthcare utilization show no significant mediating effects. Conclusions: The study recommends promoting moderate-intensity care, strengthening intergenerational economic support, and encouraging social participation to enhance cognitive health in later life.

Despite the universal social policies of Sweden’s welfare state, recent decades have seen decreasing public benefits and increasing socio-economic disparities, affecting the financial wellbeing of older adults and their younger family members. This repeated cross-sectional study explores the development of intergenerational financial transfers in Sweden over the past two decades, examining transfers involving older parents and their children and grandchildren, and patterns related to gender and social class. It utilises data from the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old, from 2002 to 2021, along with descriptive statistics and logistic regression models, to study shifts in donor–receiver proportions and gender/social-class disparities. The findings revealed that approximately one in four parents provided financial support to younger generations, while very few received such support. Downward financial transfers increased over time, with growing focus on grandchildren. No significant gender differences in providing were identified; however, women’s contributions increased in frequency and amount, compared to previous cohorts of women. Men’s contributions remained relatively stable over time. Parents in higher social classes were more inclined to provide financial support than parents in lower classes; this difference grew over time. Additionally, parents in higher social classes more frequently provided higher amounts than their counterparts. In conclusion, this study underscores changing gender and social-class patterns in financial contributions made by parents to their children and grandchildren in contemporary Sweden. Understanding these levels and subgroup differences is crucial for shaping policies and mitigating the potential growth of socio-economic inequality in future generations.

Research has shown that parents with higher socioeconomic status provide more resources to their children during childhood and adolescence. The authors asked whether similar effects associated with parental socioeconomic position are extended to adult children. Middle-aged parents (N = 633) from the Family Exchanges Study reported support they provided to their grown children and coresidence with grown children (N = 1,384). Parents with higher income provided more emotional and material support to the average children. Grown children of parents with less education were more likely to coreside with them. Parental resources (e.g., being married) and demands (e.g., family size) explained these patterns. Of interest is that lower income parents provided more total support to all children (except total financial support). Lower income families may experience a double jeopardy; each grown child receives less support on average, but parents exert greater efforts providing more total support to all their children.

Parental support, in both financial and non-financial ways, is important in explaining the residential trajectories of young people leaving home. For instance, the influence of parental support on the ability to leave home or enter homeownership is well established. This study adds a dimension by investigating how inequalities in terms of parental background – particularly assets – are spatially articulated. More specifically, we study whether parental background influences the types of neighbourhoods young people leaving home move to. Drawing on the case of Amsterdam, we show that these 'fledglings', despite their generally very modest income, disproportionally move to gentrification neighbourhoods. Moreover, fledglings with wealthy parents are even more likely to move to both early gentrifying and expensive mature-gentrification neighbourhoods. Gentrification research should therefore also take into account the importance of middle class social reproduction strategies as well as the potential intergenerational transfer of (financial) resources – rather than merely personal financial situation – in shaping housing outcomes and spatial inequalities of young people leaving home. Drawing on parental support, young people may be able to outbid other households and hence exclude them from gentrifying neighbourhoods. Consequently, parental wealth and other resources can thus contribute to gentrification and exclusion.

Parents may provide many types of support to their grown children. Parents age 40 to 60 (N = 633) reported the support they exchange with each child over age 18 (N = 1,384). Mothers and fathers differentiated among children within families, but provided emotional, financial, and practical help on average every few weeks to each child. Offspring received most assistance when they (a) had greater needs (because of problems or younger age) or (b) were perceived as more successful. Parents received more from high achieving offspring. Findings support contingency theory; parents give more material and financial support to children in need. Motivation to enhance the self or to assure support later in life may explain support to high achieving offspring.

The number of relatives and geographical proximity between them affects informal support provided to older persons. In this study, we investigate whether (a) childless persons and parents living remotely from their adult children experience similar shortages in informal support, and (b) whether neighbours, friends and other non-family helpers compensate for these shortages. On the basis of Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data for 12 European countries, we estimate the probability and amount of informal non-financial support received by persons aged 65 and over who remain childless or live at different distances to their children. The contribution of non-family individuals is rather complementary to the help from family. Parents residing in the proximity of their children rely almost exclusively on family; as the geographical distance between adult children and older parents increases, the probability and amount of non-family support increase as well. But childless individuals differ from parents of remotely living children: the former rely on smaller support networks and resort more often to other relatives than the latter. Non-family individuals compensate for the scarcity of informal support only in the case of parents of distant children, but not in the case of childless individuals.

Objective This study examined whether adult children's transitions to marriage, parenthood, and divorce were related to intergenerational support exchanges. Background Intergenerational support fluctuates over the life span, often in response to major transitions, but surprisingly little research has examined longitudinally how life transitions shape the bidirectional flow of intergenerational support. Method Using data from adult children who participated in Waves 2, 4, 6, and 8 of the German Family Panel (pairfam) study, we estimated fixed effect models to explore how marital and parenthood transitions of adult children predict support exchanges between adult children and their parents (n = 5245 adult children's report of support exchanges with their mother and n = 4604 with their father; total 14,359 and 12,147 observations). Results Getting married was associated with adult children receiving less emotional support from mothers, while providing less instrumental support to their parents. Becoming a mother was associated with receiving more instrumental support from parents and receiving less material/financial support among adult children closer to their parents. When adult children became a parent, emotional and instrumental provision to mothers decreased. Getting divorced was associated with adult children receiving more emotional and material support from parents, but findings varied based on child gender and closeness with parents. Conclusion Adult children's life transitions influence patterns of support exchanged with their parents differentially based on parent–child gender composition and intergenerational closeness.

Understanding the role of social policies in intergenerational transfers from old to young people is especially important in times of population aging. This paper focuses on the influences of social expenditures and social services on financial support and on practical help from older parents to their adult children based on the first two waves from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, N = 60,250 dyads from 13 European countries). Multilevel models showed that social policy plays an important role for intergenerational transfer patterns: The more public assistance was provided to citizens, the more likely parents supported their adult children financially and practically, but this support was less intense in terms of money and time given. Thus, the analyses support the specialization hypothesis that posits a division of labor between family and state for downward intergenerational transfers.

Young adults in the UK are increasingly dependent on family support to offset the costs of living independently. This article explores these complex intergenerational exchanges from the perspective of a group of single young adults in their mid-twenties to mid-thirties who had been in receipt of various forms of financial and material support from family members since leaving the parental home. We outline the nature of this support and then consider how these forms of assistance are understood by those in receipt of them. We conclude that the co-existence of a sense of both gratitude and discomfort which is often generated by these exchanges is managed but by no means resolved by a blurring of the boundaries between gifts and loans, a set of negotiations which may not even be an option amongst less advantaged young adults.