Explore the vast range of titles available.

Recent theories endogenize the attitude endowments of individuals, assuming that they are shaped by the attitudes of parents and other role models. This paper tests empirically for the relevance of three aspects of the attitude transmission process highlighted in this theoretical literature: (1) transmission of attitudes from parents to children; (2) an impact of prevailing attitudes in the local environment on child attitudes; and (3) positive assortative mating of parents, which enhances the ability of a parent to pass on his or her attitudes to the child. We focus on two fundamentally important attitudes, willingness to take risks and willingness to trust others. We find empirical support for all three aspects, providing an empirical underpinning for the literature. An investigation of underlying mechanisms shows that socialization is important in the transmission process. Various parental characteristics and aspects of family structure are found to strengthen the socialization process, with implications for modeling the socialization production function and for policies focused on affecting children's non-cognitive skills. The paper also provides evidence that the transmission of risk and trust attitudes affects a wide variety of child outcomes, implying a potentially large total effect on children's economic situation.

Objective The aim was (a) to assess the association between family estrangement and psychological well‐being in adulthood, (b) to investigate potential differences in this association by type of relationship (intergenerational vs. siblings), and (c) to assess whether estrangement from multiple family relations (parents and siblings) is associated with cumulative disadvantage. Background Family estrangement is a quantitatively relevant phenomenon, whose association with psychological well‐being in adulthood has been insufficiently investigated. Method Analysis of data from the German Family Panel (pairfam; N = 5,245) involved running ordinary least squares regressions on the association between previous experiences of family estrangement (in Waves 5, 7, 9, and 11) with respondents' (aged 24–48 years) life satisfaction and depressiveness in Wave 11. Results Family estrangement was negatively correlated with psychological well‐being. The strength of this relationship did not substantially differ by type of relationship (parents vs. siblings). Associations were strongest if estrangement from both parental and sibling ties was reported. Conclusion Family estrangement is significantly associated with reduced psychological well‐being. This applies to vertical and horizontal ties in the family system. Co‐occurrence of estrangement from parents and siblings bears particularly strong negative relationships with psychological well‐being. Implications Researchers and practitioners should consider spillovers of estrangement processes among family members and be aware of cumulative disadvantages this might bring about.

Intergenerational solidarity and ambivalence paradigms suggest that emotional relationships between generations consist of both positive and negative sentiments. We applied latent class analysis to measures of affection and conflict in 2,698 older parent-child relationships in 6 developed nations: England, Germany, Israel, Norway, Spain, and the United States (Southern California). The best fitting model consisted of 4 latent classes distributed differently across nations but with a cross-nationally invariant measurement structure. After controlling for demographics, health, coresidence, contact, and support, the following classes were overrepresented in corresponding nations: amicable (England), detached (Germany and Spain), disharmonious (United States), ambivalent (Israel). We discuss policy and cultural differences across societies that may explain why the prevalence of particular emotional types varied by nation.

What determines reciprocity in employment relations? We conducted a controlled field experiment to measure the extent to which monetary and nonmonetary gifts affect workers' performance. We find that nonmonetary gifts have a much stronger impact than monetary gifts of equivalent value. We also observe that when workers are offered the choice, they prefer receiving money, but reciprocate as if they received a nonmonetary gift. This result is consistent with the common saying, “it's the thought that counts.” We underline this point by showing that monetary gifts can effectively trigger reciprocity if the employer invests more time and effort into the gift's presentation.

This research investigates how family events in adult children's lives influence the timing of their parents' financial transfers. We draw on retrospective data collected by the German Socio-Economic Panel Study and use event history models to study the effects of marriage, divorce and childbirth on the receipt of large gifts from parents. We find increased chances of receiving real estate at marriage and in subsequent years, at childbirth, but not in the event of divorce. Large gifts of money are received in the years of marriage and divorce, but not at childbirth. Our findings indicate that parental gifts are triggered by adult children's economic need, but also point to a plurality of transfer motives and meanings for parents, adult children and their relationships.

To explain the extremely long- term persistence (more than 500 years) of positive historical experiences of cooperation (Putnam 1993), we model the intergenerational transmission of priors about the trustworthiness of others. We show that this transmission tends to be biased toward excessively conservative priors. As a result, societies can be trapped in a low-trust equilibrium. In this context, a temporary shock to the return to trusting can have a permanent effect on the level of trust. We validate the model by testing its predictions on the World Values Survey data and the German Socio Economic Panel. We also present some anecdotal evidence that these priors are reflected in novels that originate in different parts of the country.

Using data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) based on 11,746 intergenerational family relationships, the present study examined differences in parental closeness across relations with multiple, coresidential, and non-coresidential adolescent and adult children. Replicating previous research in a multilevel analysis across families, the authors found a strong positive effect of biological descent on closeness in comparison to adoptive and steprelations; this parental favoritism toward biological offspring was partly explained by selection via parental resources and attitudes. Supplemental within-parent fixed effect analyses suggested that the relative disadvantage of stepchildren was offset by longer duration of the stepparent–stepchild relationship, lower household income, fewer children in the household, and high parental affirmation of familism.

In this paper, I estimate the causal effect that an additional year of schooling for parents has on their children’s education, by exploiting a compulsory schooling reform that was implemented in all West German states between 1946 and 1969. Although previous research indicates that the reform had no effect on earnings, I find that an additional year of schooling for women strongly affects the education of their sons. There is no effect for the other parentchild gender pairs. I investigate numerous channels that might mediate the positive effect of the education of mothers. Most importantly, I find that individuals with more schooling value their children’s educational success as more important.

In this article we address three issues relating to immigrants' identity, measured as the feeling of belonging to particular ethnic groups. We study the formation of identity with home and host countries. We investigate how identity with either country relates to immigrants' and their children's labour market outcomes. Finally, we analyse the intergenerational transmission of identity. Our analysis is based on a unique longitudinal dataset on immigrants and their children. We find that identity with either country is only weakly related to labour market outcomes. However, there is strong intergenerational transmission of identity from one generation to the next.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) often exhibit an intergenerational cycle within families, although the transgenerational effects tend to be small to moderate. Many families seem to be able to break this cycle. This study aimed to examine how many emerging adults remain in the same ACE group as their parents, show improvement, or experience deterioration, and to identify factors associated with these transgenerational changes. Data from 316 families participating in the 18-year German longitudinal study 'Future Family' were analyzed. The dataset included information from mothers (average age: 54 years), fathers (57 years), and their emerging adults (22 years). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and a multinomial regression model were computed. Small correlations were found between the total ACE scores of parents and emerging adults. Approximately half of the emerging adults belonged to the same ACE group as their parents, while the other half experienced a shift in group membership across generations. Lower levels of dysfunctional maternal parenting behaviour in early childhood were associated with improvements in emerging adults' ACE group status, while a higher maternal socioeconomic status was linked to a reduced likelihood of deterioration. Many emerging adults of parents in the high-risk group (reporting ≥4 ACEs) reported fewer ACEs themselves, indicating that high-risk families are able to break the cycle of adversity. The main findings support existing prevention efforts, particularly the strengthening of parenting skills and the enhancement of families' economic resources. Future research should examine the intergenerational transmission of ACEs with a sex-sensitive approach and place greater emphasis on the role of fathers.