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Development strategies and inter-group violence : insights on conflict-sensitive development
\"Throughout the world, development has been affected by armed violence - from civil wars and separatist struggles to explosions of religious and communal violence and terrorism. Ethnolinguistic and religious diversity, rivalries among regional groups and clans, and competing economic interests create a potential for acrimonious intergroup divisions. Yet some nations remain stable, while others, earlier touted as pillars of peaceful growth, have foundered badly. Development Strategies and Inter-Group Violence argues that economic development strategies, though embedded within a complex matrix of social and political conditions, have often shaped such different outcomes. Drawing on economic, political, and psychological theory, policy experiences, and case studies of the three regional volumes in the series (Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America; Development Strategies, Identities, and Conflict in Asia; and The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa), this book assesses the risks and opportunities of development strategies regarding the likelihood of inter-group violence. Policymakers and development practitioners will greatly benefit from this detailed and comprehensive analysis of how development initiatives may affect group identities, influence multiple disparities among groups, create \"conflict-opportunity structures,\" and change the dynamics of state-society relations\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Empathy Trumps Prejudice
Although research has shown the effects of empathy manipulations on prejudice, little is known about the long-term relation between empathy and prejudice development, the direction of effects, and the relative effects of cognitive and affective aspects of empathy. Moreover, research has not examined within-person processes and, hence, its practical implications are unclear. In addition, longitudinal research on adolescents is still scarce. This three-wave study of adolescents (N = 574) examined a longitudinal, within-person relation between empathy and anti-immigrant attitudes. The \"standard\" cross-lagged model showed bidirectional effects between empathic concern, perspective taking, and anti-immigrant attitudes. In contrast, the Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model showed, that only perspective taking directly predicted within-person changes in anti-immigrant attitudes. Empathic concern predicted within-person changes in anti-immigrant attitudes indirectly, via its effects on perspective taking. No effects of anti-immigrant attitudes on within-person changes in empathy were found. The relations between empathic concern, perspective taking, and anti-immigrant attitudes were significant at the between-person level. In addition, the results showed changes in anti-immigrant attitudes and perspective taking and a change in empathic concern in mid- but not late adolescence. The results provide strong evidence for the effects of perspective taking on development of anti-immigrant attitudes in adolescence. They also suggest that the link between empathic concern and adolescents’ anti-immigrant attitudes can be explained by indirect, within-person effects and by between-person differences. The findings suggest that programs aimed at reducing development of anti-immigrant attitudes in adolescence should work more closely with youth perspective taking and empathic concern.
Journal Article
Well Yes, but Actually No! Perceptions of Colombian Informal Workers About Venezuelan Immigration
This study explores the perceptions of Colombian sex workers, street vendors, and taxi drivers regarding Venezuelan immigration, its media coverage, and relevant NGO initiatives. Drawing on threat–benefit theory and mediated intergroup contact, short semi-structured and informal interviews were employed as the primary methodology. Findings showcase nuanced attitudes toward immigration, encompassing pros and cons. Informal workers faced downsides in job market, security, public services, housing, and conjugal relationships, yet acknowledged positive attitudes thanks to arrival of educated and cost-effective workforce, contribution to lifestyle, and perspective-taking. Views on media discourse and NGOs were mixed. Implications of results are discussed.
Journal Article
From American City to Japanese Village: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Implicit Race Attitudes
This study examined the development of implicit race attitudes in American and Japanese children and adults. Implicit ingroup bias was present early in both populations, and remained stable at each age tested (age 6, 10, and adult). Similarity in magnitude and developmental course across these 2 populations suggests that implicit intergroup bias is an early-emerging and fundamental aspect of human social cognition. However, implicit race attitudes toward favored outgroups are more positive in older than in younger participants, indicating that \"cultural prestige\" enjoyed by a group moderates implicit bias as greater knowledge of group status is acquired. These results demonstrate (a) the ready presence, (b) early cultural invariance, and (c) subsequent cultural moderation of implicit attitudes toward own and other groups.
Journal Article
Ethnic hierarchies among pupils in Slovenia: Their ethnic belonging matters
Ethnic hierarchies, that is, hierarchical representations of ethnic groups, are typical for multiethnic societies. However, little is known about whether pupils elicit such hierarchies and whether these hierarchies vary with respect to the pupils’ ethnicity. This awareness may shed light on whether and to what extent pupils perceive particular ethnic groups as culturally deviant. The current study therefore aimed to investigate whether pupils (
n
= 812, aged 9–14 years) from six ethnic groups living in Slovenia (Slovenes, Hungarians, Roma, Serbs, Albanians, and Bosniaks) display ethnic hierarchies, share intergroup consensus, and exhibit ethnic homophily. To this end, a Mokken scale analysis was conducted. The analysis revealed ethnic hierarchies for five ethnic groups, namely Slovenes, Hungarians, Roma, Serbs, and Bosniaks. Four of them, the Slovenes, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Roma, exhibited ethnic homophily. There was no intergroup consensus on ethnic hierarchies. Based on the findings, implications for teachers are discussed, namely, how to develop, improve, and adapt curricula and pedagogical practices with an eye toward progressively reducing hierarchies and developing respect for each ethnic group.
Journal Article
Friendship Preferences Among German and Turkish Preadolescents
This study examined changes in and predictors of preference for same-ethnic friendships among German (N = 106) and Turkish (N = 45) preadolescents (M age = 10.4 years) during their 1st year in an ethnically heterogeneous school. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, it examined the relation between children's attitudes and their preference for same-ethnic friendship. Among both German and Turkish children, the latter decreased over time and its variability was predicted by intergroup attitudes and peer norms about cross-ethnic friendships. Outgroup orientation and perceived contact conditions predicted only German children's preference for same-ethnic friendships. Over time, classroom identification increasingly reduced preference for same-ethnic friendships among Turkish children. The results showed that interindividual attitudes were related to children's level of intergroup contact.
Journal Article
We Are the World-and They Are Not: Prototypicality for the World Community, Legitimacy, and Responses to Global Inequality
The relation between developed and developing countries is characterized by inequalities that sometimes hinder actions against worldwide problems. The current research presents an intergroup approach, based on the ingroup projection model, towards an analysis of psychological processes that perpetuate global inequality on a social group level. Precisely, we argue that people from developed countries perceive their group as more prototypical for the world population than they perceive people from developing countries. These perceptions of ingroup prototypicality should in turn relate to legitimacy beliefs and predict unfavorable behavioral intentions towards developing countries. We present two studies that corroborate our hypotheses: In Study 1, participants from a developed country perceived their ingroup as more prototypical for the superordinate group (i.e., world population) than the outgroup (i.e., developing countries), which in turn was related to beliefs that global inequality is legitimate. This finding was replicated in Study 2, and the predicted effect of ingroup prototypicality on behavioral intentions was mediated by legitimacy beliefs. These findings demonstrate that intergroup processes can contribute to perpetuating global inequality.
Journal Article
The Sources and Consequences of National Identification
This article examines national identification from a comparative and multilevel perspective. Building on the identity, nationalism, and prejudice literatures, I analyze relationships between societies' economic, political, and cultural characteristics (e.g., development, globalization, democratic governance, militarism, and religious and linguistic diversity), individual characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic status and minority status), and preferences for the content of national identities. I also examine relationships between national identity content and public policy preferences toward immigration, citizenship, assimilation, and foreign policy, generally. I use confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel modeling to analyze country-level data and survey data from 31 countries (from the International Social Survey Program's 2003 National Identity II Module). Results suggest that individual and country characteristics help account for the variable and contested nature of national identification. Moreover, the content of national identity categories has implications for public policy and intergroup relations.
Journal Article
Children Trust a Consensus Composed of Outgroup Members-But Do Not Retain That Trust
Children prefer to learn from informants in consensus with one another. However, no research has examined whether this preference exists across cultures, and whether the race of the informants impacts that preference. In 2 studies, one hundred thirty-six 4- to 7-year-old European American and Taiwanese children demonstrated a systematic preference for a consensus. Nevertheless, the initial strength and persistence of that preference depended on the racial composition of the consensus. Children's preference for consensus members belonging to the same race as themselves persisted even when only one consensus member remained to provide information. When the consensus consisted of different-race informants, preference for the consensus was initially apparent but lost when only one member from the consensus remained with the dissenting informant.
Journal Article
Utilizing Television Sitcom to Foster Intergroup Empathy Among Israeli Teachers
This study examined a professional development program aimed at supporting Jewish civics teachers in their efforts to promote empathy among their students toward Israeli Arabs. Previous results indicated an increase in outgroup empathy among teachers who watched and reflected upon clips from a television sitcom. This article focuses on skills teachers developed and strategies they designed and implemented following their experience with empathy processes. Our findings underscore the educative potential of indirect mediated contact in segregated societies, and the importance of developing empathic processes among teachers before they embark on the challenge of supporting their students in such endeavors. KEYWORDS: television sitcom, indirect contact, intergroup empathy, inclusive teaching, multicultural education
Journal Article