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This book discusses the future role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in a world facing survival challenges. It discusses threats such as climate change, environmental degradation and pandemics, and argues that in the future the ICJ will need to carry out judicial, security and protection functions as it is the only organ of the United Nations (UN) that can discharge such functions in view of its independence and expertise. The author proposes that the ICJ can apply a hitherto unused jurisdictional provision in Article 36 of its statute that allows it to deal with \"All Matters Specially Provided for in the UN Charter\" and presents three examples of issues that would require the urgent attention of the ICJ: vaccine equity in a global pandemic, climate disaster, and mass movements of people across frontiers due to climate change and environmental degradation. Bertrand Ramcharan (Guyana) is a Barrister-at-Law of Lincoln's Inn with a doctorate in international law from the London School of Economics (LSE) and the Diploma in International Law of the Hague Academy of International Law.

At the turn of the century the regional-global security partnership became a key element of peace and security policy-making. This book investigates the impact of the joint effort made by the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN) to keep the peace and protect civilians in Darfur. This book focuses on the collaboration that takes place in the field of conflict management between the global centre and the African regional level. It moves beyond the dominant framework on regional-global security partnerships, which mainly considers one-sided legal and political factors. Instead, new perspectives on the relationships are presented through the lens of international legitimacy. The book argues that the AU and the UN Security Council fight for legitimacy to ensure their positions of authority and to improve the chances of success of their activities. It demonstrates in regard to the case of Darfur why and how legitimacy matters for states, international organisations, and also for global actors and local populations. Legitimacy, Peace Operations and Global-Regional Security will be of interest to students and scholars of International Relations, African Security and Global Governance.

This is a definitive and comprehensive history of international organizations from their very beginning at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 up to the present day, and provides the reader with nearly two centuries of world history seen from the perspective of international organizations. It covers the three main fields of international relations: security, economics and the humanitarian domain which often overlap in international organizations. As well as global and intercontinental organizations, the book also covers regional international organizations and international non-governmental organizations in all continents. The book progresses chronologically but also provides a thematic and geographical coherence so that related developments can be discussed together. A series of detailed tables, figures, charts and information boxes explain the chronologies, structures and relationships of international organizations. There are biographies, histories and analysis of hundreds of international organizations. This is an essential reference work with direct relevance to scholars in international relations, international political economy, international economics and business and security studies. 1. International organizations as a cooperation between governments and citizens 2. 1815: the invention of the multilateral conference plus follow-up conference 3. The Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine and burgeoning free trade 4. Citizens organizing transnationally 5. The International Red Cross made responsible for the Geneva Convention 6. Arbitration and international law as normative powers 7. The 1899 and 1907 peace conferences: the Hague system 8. Creation of public international unions 1865-1914 9. Standardization and intellectual property recognized internationally 10. Regulation of international shipping, railway and road traffic 11. International organizations and continental markets 1860-1910 12. International business 13. Rising international emancipation movements 14. The international foundation of the welfare state 15. World war and the creation of the League of Nations 16. Great powers and collective security during the interwar period 17. The workings of the International Labour Organization 18. The League of Nations’ economic and social activities 19. International cooperation during the Second World War 20. The United Nations: an improved security organization with economic coordination 21. The United Nations system 22. Collective security in a bipolar world 23. Regional alliances of the 1940s and 1950s 24. The Bretton Woods institutions and their laborious beginnings 25. Early European economic cooperation 26. Decolonization, anti-apartheid and peaceful coexistence 27. The UN Development Decade: North versus South 28. The G7 undermining the UN system 29. Influence of non-governmental organizations 30. Human rights as normative power 31. Highlighting the Cold War 32. Reagonomics, IMF and economic adjustment 33. The end of the Cold War 34. A new world order and an agenda for peace? 35. From GATT to World Trade Organization 36. Free trade versus environment and the welfare state 37. IMF, IBRD and WTO criticized 38. Continued and new regionalism 39. Harming collective security 40. International Organizations since 1815 Appendix: Nation-states in the international system since 1815 'This magnum opus will become the standard text on the history of international organizations for years to come. Bob Reinalda provides the most comprehensive overview of the development, strengths and weaknesses of international organizations since the early days of the Concert of Europe. The volume's interdisciplinary scope, combining international relations, history and international law, is simply unmatched. It will be an essential reference guide for scholars and practitioners alike.' Dennis Dijkzeul, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany 'An Indispensable reference for the student of international affairs interested in diplomatic history or contemporary politics, from the Congress of Vienna to the age of globalization. Analysis of context plus documentary texts renders the book particularly attractive.' Ilter Turan, Professor, Department of International Relations, Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey 'This thorough and comprehensive history will be the starting point for historians of international organizations for many years to come.' Craig N. Murphy, Wellesley College, USA \"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-level undergraduates and above.\" - D. Liestman, CHOICE (May 2010) Bob Reinalda is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the Department of Political Science, Nijmegen School of Management at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. He has written extensively about the history of social movements, non-governmental organizations, autonomous policy making by, decision making within and implementation by intergovernmental organizations, and the Bologna Process.

\"'Unseen actors' are vital to the functioning of international courts and tribunals, exercising varying levels of influence on the adjudicatory process and its outcome. The last few decades have witnessed an expansion in the number of international judicial bodies. Although these bodies differ in their institutional make-up and functions, a characteristic shared among them is their reliance on the contribution of individuals or entities other than the judicial decision-makers themselves. Unseen actors may take the form of registries, secretariats, law clerks and legal officers, but they also include non-lawyers such as translators, members of the medical profession and scientific experts. Some of these actors may be 'more unseen' than others but most remain nameless in the written decisions, and the extent of their contribution is generally unclear. The opaqueness of their role, combined with the significance of the judicial decision for the parties involved as well as for a wider range of stakeholders, raises questions about the impact of these unseen actors on the legitimacy of international adjudication as such. For example, an unseen actor's influence has formed a ground upon which an arbitral award was challenged, as substantial parts had allegedly been written by a legal assistant rather than the arbitrators themselves. The domestic court adjudicating the dispute in first instance set aside the award on a different ground, so it did not address this point; the case is currently pending on appeal. This book aims to answer such legitimacy questions and identify 'best practices', where feasible, through a multifaceted enquiry into possible common connections and patterns in the institutional makeup and daily practice of international courts and tribunals\"-- Provided by publisher.

In the second half of the nineteenth century a new kind of social and cultural actor came to the fore: the expert. During this period complex processes of modernization, industrialization, urbanization, and nation-building gained pace, particularly in Western Europe and North America. These processes created new forms of specialized expertise that grew in demand and became indispensible in fields like sanitation, incarceration, urban planning, and education. Often the expertise needed stemmed from problems at a local or regional level, but many transcended nation-state borders. Experts helped shape a new transnational sphere by creating communities that crossed borders and languages, sharing knowledge and resources through those new communities, and by participating in special events such as congresses and world fairs.

We analyze the factors that increase the likelihood that other nations will follow China's global economic leadership. While our theoretical framework incorporates the conventional argument that China pulls in followers with economic benefits, we focus on grievances with the current global order that have the effect of pushing countries toward the rising new leader. We find that grievances about global financial instability are particularly important push factors. Our results show that countries that have experienced more financial crises, more variable capital account policies, more volatile portfolio capital outflows, and more social unrest during IMF programs are more likely to support China's global leadership than leaders of nations that have been less exposed to these problems. We find no evidence that grievances about global governance, or grievances about discriminatory US trade policies, are related to foreign support for China's global economic leadership. Overall, our evidence is consistent with the interpretation that leaders want to reform and preserve the WTO and the IMF, which have worked reasonably well for them under US leadership. At the same time, they have incentives to follow China's economic leadership on global capital flows, emphasizing long-term infrastructure and development finance over short-term flows which, under the current order, have imposed large costs on many economies.