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"International Legal Framework"
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Handling climate displacement
How do we begin to handle the greatest crisis affecting humanity today? Climate change is already causing droughts, flooding, and famine that are forcing people to leave their livelihoods and communities. In the years to come, millions will find their local areas uninhabitable, as mass displacement of people reaches disastrous levels. Handling Climate Displacement explains how climate change has become recognized as a human rights concern, and how human rights are key to managing the crisis. Local authorities and populations increasingly call for guidance in the absence of an internationally recognized framework. Drafted in 2013 by a committee of experts and practitioners, Hassine uses the Peninsula Principles on Climate Displacement within States to offer concrete solutions to the impending emergency. Enriched by the author's experience working with the victims of climate displacement, this book offers an effective framework to deal with the challenges presented by mass displacement while protecting human rights.
Book
RETRACTED: Protecting the Rights of Minorities under International Law and Implications of COVID-19: An Overview of the Indian Context
The concept of majority rule and respect for minority rights is demonstrated in several constitutions of the world. Oppression by the majority of the minority is barred by articles of these respective constitutions. Today, democracy is mostly a method of government of the people that is ruled by the people. The issue of minority rights is at the center of the concept of civic rights. Minority protection, thus, operates on the hypothesis that religious, cultural, and linguistic affiliations are essential features of the very notion of a civic, just society. This paper offers an alternative account of why minority rights have international significance and more information on the value of an international, socially just process for the allocation of resources by states. By this approach, international minority rights speak to the wrongs that international law itself produces by organizing international political reality into a legal order. This article focuses on the uncertain effect of religious autonomy in India and the outcome of democracy in the country. While the Indian constitution guarantees autonomy to its religious minorities and promises minorities their freedoms, Indian democracy, which was once considered remarkable in scale and duration, has been weakened by the rise of xenophobic nationalism and threats to religious minorities. Even the safety and religious freedom of minorities have been compromised during COVID-19. In the last few decades, these trends have been clear; however, they have dramatically increased in the last few years, and the administration has turned a blind eye.
Journal Article
Data warfare and creating a global legal and regulatory landscape: Challenges and solutions
The world is witnessing an increase in cross-border data transfers and breaches orchestrated by State and non-State actors. Cross-border data transfers may lead to friction among States to localize or globalize data and to provide regulatory frameworks. \"Data warfare\" or information-war operations are often not covered under conventional rules; however, they are categorized as acts of espionage and subject to domestic regulations. As such, the operations are used to achieve a variety of objectives, including stealing sensitive information, spreading propaganda, and causing economic damage. Notable instances of the theft of sensitive information include the recent Bangladesh government website breach, exposing 50 million records, and the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) website hack.
Regulating the \"data war\" under the existing principles of international law may be unsuccessful in creating robust international legal frameworks to address the associated challenges. These developments further accentuate the global divide between data-rich regions in the Global North, with strong data protection mechanisms (such as the GDPR and the California Privacy Rights Act), and regions in the Global South, where there is a lack of comprehensive data protection laws and regulatory regimes. This disparity underscores the urgent need for global cooperation for substantial international regulatory mechanisms.
This article examines the complexities surrounding data warfare; it highlights the imperative need for establishing a robust global legal framework for data protection, delving into the concept of data war. It also acknowledges the growing influence of advanced technologies like data computing and mining and their ongoing threats to the fundamental rights of individuals associated with exposed personal data. The authors address the deficiencies in international legal provisions and advocate for a global regulatory approach to data protection as a critical means of safeguarding personal freedoms and countering the escalating threats in the digital age.
Journal Article
The role of legal professionals in the European and international legal and regulatory framework against money laundering
Purpose
The aim of the present study is to shed light on the role of legal practitioners, namely, lawyers and notaries, in the fight against money laundering: Are they considered as facilitators or obstacles against money laundering? How does the global and the EU legal framework deal with the legal professionals?
Design/methodology/approach
The research follows a deductive approach attempting to respond to questions such as: How do the lawyers’ and notaries’ societies react in front of the anti-money laundering measures that concern them and why? What are the discrepancies between the lawyers’ professional secrecy and the obligations that EU anti-money laundering legislation assigns them?
Findings
This study disclosures the response of the European union and international legal and regulatory framework as well as the reflexes of the international and European legal professionals’ associations to this danger. It also demonstrates the reaction of lawyers against European union anti-money laundering legislation, to the point that it limits not only the confidentiality principle but also the position of the European judicial systems to the contradiction between this principle and the lawyers’ obligation to report their suspicions to the authorities.
Research limitations/implications
To fulfil the study goals, it was necessary to overcome some obstacles, like the limitation of existing sources. Indeed, transnational empirical research considering the professionals who facilitate money laundering is narrow. Besides, policymakers and academics only recently expressed more interest in money laundering and its facilitators.
Originality/value
This paper fulfils an identified need to study the legal professionals’ role not only in money laundering practices but also in anti-money laundering policies.
Journal Article
BOT Contract through the optics of Albanian legal provisions - Issues of the implementation and transfer framework
The last years have resulted in an increase of concession contracts in Albania, followed by a revised modern legal framework. Beside the debate on whether the government should perform most of the activities itself instead of giving them to the private sector through a concession contract, the concession contracts are nowadays a reality and as such they should be studied and analysed carefully. The scope of this article is limited to the provisions of the Albanian legislation and its approach to the international provisions regarding BOT (build – operate - transfer) concession contract. A detailed analyse will drive to the conclusion as to what extent the Albanian concession legislation does compile with the international accepted principles of Public Private Partnership concerning mainly implementation and transfer phase of a BOT contract. Albanian Public Private Partnership legislation has gone through many revisions and amendments during the last twenty years, resulting in a challenging situation for everybody that deals with any aspects of a concession. Having a detailed understanding of the legal provisions is indeed the core element toward a successful implementation process of any concession, resulting in the highest profitability for concession parties, the public entity and the private investor, and consequently culminating to the best interest of the population.
Journal Article
The administrative review of concession agreements
Concession agreements represent the most utilized and preferred legal option in the exercise of public functions by private entities. Before entering into a concessionary agreement, there is a special procedure that takes place, and that is one of the distinctive characteristics of this type of contract vis-a-vis other civil contracts. This procedure is provided for under the Public procurement law. Consequently, all agreements stemming from the exercise of the concession agreement are regulated according to the modalities defined in this law. According to the Public Procurement law, administrative reviews represent the first obligatory instrument used in defense of the rights that parties claim to have been violated or otherwise infringed. The administrative review is the scope of this paper, with the view to clearly determining the administrative entity where the appeal will be addressed to, the subject matter of the appeal, and the legitimated subject, as its integral part. The role of the Public Procurement Commission and its competencies during the process of the administrative review represent another aspect. The practice of concessionary agreements in Albania is only in its early steps of development. Furthermore, the legislation that provides for the concession agreements has suffered changes to reflect the international legislation. All of which have led to the case law encountering various issues, which we have only humbly tried to reflect in this paper, while also providing our opinion with regard to addressing them.
Journal Article
Integrative policy and legal instruments, approaches and tools
This chapter discusses the relationships between international legal and policy frameworks and their relevant features as well as the management approaches and tools that facilitate integrated action in the biodiversity conservation and fisheries governance streams. It demonstrates how these frameworks provide the basis of and influence integrative approaches and tools and provides some examples. The chapter shows the integrative features of the fisheries and biodiversity conservation legal and policy frameworks and the approaches and tools which are increasingly being implemented. It concludes that despite significant progress made by the fisheries and conservation governance streams in pursuing integrated action, much remains to be done and that cross‐sectoral communication and cooperation is key to success.
Book Chapter
Trends in Legislative Regulation of Family Law Doctrine: Millennial Musings
There are many signs that in the context of domestic relations law generally, we live in an age of \"legislative activism.\" The legislatures have also been active in a host of areas less redolent of the expenditure of tax dollars than child support and welfare.
Journal Article
Court Services: Meeting the Needs of Twenty-First Century Families
As the 20th century closes, courts around the country are being called upon to provide a wide variety of services for litigants. The surge of family law disputes is partly a product of rising rates of divorce and out-of-wedlock births.
Journal Article
Bringing the Courts to Heel: Substituting Legislative Policy for Judicial Discretion
Sampson discusses the practice of family law in Texas. Many changes took place during the last third of the 20th century.
Journal Article