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International Border Restrictions During COVID-19 as Global Health Security Theatre
During outbreaks of diseases like cholera, HIV/AIDS, H1N1, and Ebola, governments often impose international border restrictions (for example, quarantines, entry restrictions, and import restrictions) that disrupt the economy without stopping the spread of disease. During COVID-19, international travel restrictions were ubiquitous despite initial World Health Organization recommendations against such measures because of their limited public health benefit and the potential for imposing a range of harms. Why did governments adopt these measures? This article argues and finds evidence that governments use international border restrictions as security theatre: ‘measures that provide not security, but a sense of it’. Quantitative analysis of original data on states’ first border restrictions during the pandemic suggests that behaviour was not just driven by the risk of COVID-19 spread. Instead, nationalist governments, which are likely to be attracted to policies associating disease with foreigners, were more likely to impose border restrictions, did so more quickly, and adopted domestic measures more slowly. A case study of the US further illustrates the security theatre logic. The findings imply that overcoming or redirecting governments’ attraction to security theatre could promote international cooperation during global health emergencies.
Journal Article
Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview
Abstract
Rationale
The International Health Regulations (IHR) have been the governing framework for global health security since 2007. Declaring public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) is a cornerstone of the IHR. Here we review how PHEIC are formally declared, the diseases for which such declarations have been made from 2007 to 2020 and justifications for such declarations.
Key findings
Six events were declared PHEIC between 2007 and 2020: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, Ebola (West African outbreak 2013–2015, outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo 2018–2020), poliomyelitis (2014 to present), Zika (2016) and COVID-19 (2020 to present). Poliomyelitis is the longest PHEIC. Zika was the first PHEIC for an arboviral disease. For several other emerging diseases a PHEIC was not declared despite the fact that the public health impact of the event was considered serious and associated with potential for international spread.
Recommendations
The binary nature of a PHEIC declaration is often not helpful for events where a tiered or graded approach is needed. The strength of PHEIC declarations is the ability to rapidly mobilize international coordination, streamline funding and accelerate the advancement of the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics under emergency use authorization. The ultimate purpose of such declaration is to catalyse timely evidence-based action, to limit the public health and societal impacts of emerging and re-emerging disease risks while preventing unwarranted travel and trade restrictions.
Journal Article
Global risks: Pool knowledge to stem losses from disasters
Public awareness, rigorous risk research and aligned targets will help policy-makers to increase resilience against natural hazards, say Susan L. Cutter and colleagues.
Journal Article
Global perspective of the risks of falsified and counterfeit medicines: A critical review of the literature
The increasing prevalence of falsified and counterfeit medicines globally poses risks to international travellers. This narrative literature review examines the global challenge of falsified and counterfeit medicines, with a specific focus on risks for travellers. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of this multidimensional issue, exploring potential solutions for effective intervention.
A comprehensive search of databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus, as well as relevant reports from international organisations, was undertaken. There was a focus on extracting information pertaining to the prevalence, types, and geographical patterns of falsified and counterfeit medicines encountered by international travellers. Synthesising this information helped to identify overarching trends and patterns. This narrative review utilised a thematic analysis approach to synthesise the findings.
The findings revealed a diverse range of counterfeit drug categories, spanning from antibiotics to lifestyle medications, posing unique risks to travellers navigating the global pharmaceutical landscape. The review emphasises the geographical distribution of these drugs, with varying consequences for both high- and low-income nations. The inadequate formulations and inconsistent drug release arising from these practices pose severe threats to public health, especially for individuals travelling abroad. The review also highlights the significance of international collaboration in addressing this global challenge, as pharmaceutical supply chains seamlessly cross borders, necessitating a collaborative approach for effective regulation and enforcement.
This review underscores the need for targeted research, collaborative interventions, and technological innovations to address the complexities associated with falsified and counterfeit medicines, ensuring the safety and well-being of international travellers.
Journal Article
Regulating Antarctic Tourism: The Challenge of Consensus-Based Decision Making
In the 2022–2023 season, more than 104,000 tourists visited Antarctica. This represents an increase of more than 40 percent compared to the 2019–2020 pre-pandemic season. This Current Development discusses this trend and the limits of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties, which govern on the basis of consensus, in responding with regulatory action. Options for strengthening regulation in this area are also considered.
Journal Article
Tourism cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative from economic and spatial insights
This study examines the potential benefits of cooperation among Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries in achieving common goals within the international tourism cooperation network. Despite its significance, limited research has been conducted on this topic in terms of economic and spatial insights. To address this gap, we utilized the gravity model, social network, and quadratic regression. The revealed findings suggest that while the intermediary function among BRI countries is declining, the tourism cooperation network is gradually strengthening. Furthermore, reducing the gap between the governance and consumption levels of BRI countries can improve the network. The study offers new insights into the BRI tourism cooperation network, which could be critical for the future growth of regional tourism.
Journal Article
Regional environmental governance of protected natural territories in the European North: Russia, Finland, and Norway, and the case of Pasvik-Inari Trilateral Park
This article explores how international organizations (IOs), national governments, and regional actors interact in the field of nature conservation in the European Arctic, focusing on Russia. I also reveal the unequal role of Indigenous communities, which are stakeholders in protected nature territories in the Arctic but receive limited attention in research.I present the case of the Pasvik-Inari Trilateral Park, which in 2008 received Europarc Certification as a result of long-term international cooperation dating back to the 1990s. The park consists of five protected natural areas: three in Norway, one in Russia and one in Finland. The areas have different organizational forms and restrictions on human activities, and the efforts of IOs such as the Europarc Federation to increase cooperation and coordination among them in conservation projects, research initiatives, and international travel for tourists, have had only partial success.I apply insights from regional analysis to discuss how governance at international, national, and local levels shape the practices and ideas of nature conservation in the different parts of Pasvik-Inari. The article also addresses the role of Indigenous environmental knowledge and nature use in protected natural territories in the Arctic. The paper contributes to the special issue on regional environmental governance by expanding the regional focus toward Russia and by stressing the significant relations between Indigenous communities and nature that should be taken into consideration in Arctic environmental governance.
Journal Article