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Any proposed DTP genomic research would need to comply with the specific requirements of Chapter 3.3 to be satisfactorily addressed for ethical approval. 1.2 The National Health and Medical Research Council has the issue of Direct to Customer Genetic Testing under consideration and has published three relevant information documents.1 1.3 The Commonwealth Australia Government, Department of Health has issued guidance for the Provision of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests: Guiding Principles for Providers.2 The Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA) published a news page on Understanding Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing, with information on clinical-grade testing.3 2. There is an over-riding requirement to respect “beliefs, customs and cultural heritage, and local laws” of all participants in other countries.5 The Australian HREC would require approval from the research ethics review body in the other country, where there is one.6 Where there are no “ethics approval processes” in the overseas country, research participants must be “accorded no less respect than [the] National Statement requires,”7 as well as these specific elements for Research generally in Chapter 3.1 and Genomic Research, in particular, as set out in Chapter 3.3.8 As far as is necessary to satisfy the requirements of paragraphs 1.10 to 1.13, the design and conduct of the research should reflect continuing consultation with the local participant population and the communities to which they belong.9 The Australian researcher conducting DTP genomic research in another country must also comply with the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, 2018.10 4. Please consider the perspectives of the public, research participants, socially-defined groups (e.g., indigenous or minority populations), researchers, and other professional or government entities. Specific issues with specific research participants, such as socially-defined groups, including as examples indigenous or minority populations, would be critical components of the research design and ethical approval processes.

Blue foods, sourced in aquatic environments, are important for the economies, livelihoods, nutritional security and cultures of people in many nations. They are often nutrient rich 1 , generate lower emissions and impacts on land and water than many terrestrial meats 2 , and contribute to the health 3 , wellbeing and livelihoods of many rural communities 4 . The Blue Food Assessment recently evaluated nutritional, environmental, economic and justice dimensions of blue foods globally. Here we integrate these findings and translate them into four policy objectives to help realize the contributions that blue foods can make to national food systems around the world: ensuring supplies of critical nutrients, providing healthy alternatives to terrestrial meat, reducing dietary environmental footprints and safeguarding blue food contributions to nutrition, just economies and livelihoods under a changing climate. To account for how context-specific environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects affect this contribution, we assess the relevance of each policy objective for individual countries, and examine associated co-benefits and trade-offs at national and international scales. We find that in many African and South American nations, facilitating consumption of culturally relevant blue food, especially among nutritionally vulnerable population segments, could address vitamin B 12 and omega-3 deficiencies. Meanwhile, in many global North nations, cardiovascular disease rates and large greenhouse gas footprints from ruminant meat intake could be lowered through moderate consumption of seafood with low environmental impact. The analytical framework we provide also identifies countries with high future risk, for whom climate adaptation of blue food systems will be particularly important. Overall the framework helps decision makers to assess the blue food policy objectives most relevant to their geographies, and to compare and contrast the benefits and trade-offs associated with pursuing these objectives. A study proposes four ways in which foods sourced in aquatic environments can contribute to healthier, more environmentally sustainable and equitable food systems, and examines the relevance of these ambitions to nations.

ObjectivesClassify and describe the policy approaches used by countries to regulate e-cigarettes.MethodsNational policies regulating e-cigarettes were identified by (1) conducting web searches on Ministry of Health websites, and (2) broad web searches. The mechanisms used to regulate e-cigarettes were classified as new/amended laws, or existing laws. The policy domains identified include restrictions or prohibitions on product: sale, manufacturing, importation, distribution, use, product design including e-liquid ingredients, advertising/promotion/sponsorship, trademarks, and regulation requiring: taxation, health warning labels and child-safety standards. The classification of the policy was reviewed by a country expert.ResultsThe search identified 68 countries that regulate e-cigarettes: 22 countries regulate e-cigarettes using existing regulations; 25 countries enacted new policies to regulate e-cigarettes; 7 countries made amendments to existing legislation; 14 countries use a combination of new/amended and existing regulation. Common policies include a minimum-age-of-purchase, indoor-use (vape-free public places) bans and marketing restrictions. Few countries are applying a tax to e-cigarettes.ConclusionsA range of regulatory approaches are being applied to e-cigarettes globally; many countries regulate e-cigarettes using legislation not written for e-cigarettes.

Globalization persists the tendency to alter numerous aspects of today’s world including religion, transport, language, living styles, and international relations; however, its potential to influence quality of environment is the prime concern for trade and environmental policies guidelines (Audi and Ali 2018 ). In response to the growing interest for identifying the dynamic relationship between globalization and environmental performance, the present study seeks to investigate the critical link between globalization and ecological footprints in top 15 globalized countries between 1970 and 2016. Applying the novel methods of quantile-on-quantile regression (QQ) and Granger causality in quantiles, the findings examine the manners in which quantiles of globalization affect the quantiles of ecological footprints and vice versa. The empirical results suggest that globalization has a long-term positive effect on ecological footprint and vice versa in case of Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Canada, and Portugal. On the other hand, the estimated results indicate a negative effect between globalization and ecological footprint in the case of France, Germany, the UK, and Hungary. These results extend the recent findings on the globalization–environment nexus implying that the magnitude of relationship among both variables varies with countries demanding individual focus and cautions for postulating environmental and trade policies.

While the sanctions always waived activities related to finished products and raw material for essential medicines and medical equipment, a wide range of medications1–5 have often been affected. Almost 6 million patients with non-communicable diseases have not received the treatment services they need because of sanctions prior to JCPOA.1 This occurred due to issues related to business exchanges and corporate activities and also the economic conditions affecting citizens. In the new round, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education set up a database for registering neonates and infants with metabolic disorders and stocked 10 months' worth of special formula, which was distributed at subsidised prices.

The Open Material Transfer Agreement is a material-transfer agreement that enables broader sharing and use of biological materials by biotechnology practitioners working within the practical realities of technology transfer.

Commercial captive breeding and trade in body parts of threatened wild carnivores is an issue of significant concern to conservation scientists and policy-makers. Following a 2016 decision by Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, South Africa must establish an annual export quota for lion skeletons from captive sources, such that threats to wild lions are mitigated. As input to the quota-setting process, South Africa's Scientific Authority initiated interdisciplinary collaborative research on the captive lion industry and its potential links to wild lion conservation. A National Captive Lion Survey was conducted as one of the inputs to this research; the survey was launched in August 2017 and completed in May 2018. The structured semi-quantitative questionnaire elicited 117 usable responses, representing a substantial proportion of the industry. The survey results clearly illustrate the impact of a USA suspension on trophy imports from captive-bred South African lions, which affected 82% of respondents and economically destabilised the industry. Respondents are adapting in various ways, with many euthanizing lions and becoming increasingly reliant on income from skeleton export sales. With rising consumer demand for lion body parts, notably skulls, the export quota presents a further challenge to the industry, regulators and conservationists alike, with 52% of respondents indicating they would adapt by seeking 'alternative markets' for lion bones if the export quota allocation restricted their business. Recognizing that trade policy toward large carnivores represents a 'wicked problem', we anticipate that these results will inform future deliberations, which must nonetheless also be informed by challenging inclusive engagements with all relevant stakeholders.

Law lies at the centre of successful national strategies for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. By law we mean international agreements, national and subnational legislation, regulations and other executive instruments, and decisions of courts and tribunals. However, the vital role of law in global health development is often poorly understood, and eclipsed by other disciplines such as medicine, public health and economics. This paper identifies key areas of intersection between law and noncommunicable diseases, beginning with the role of law as a tool for implementing policies for prevention and control of leading risk factors. We identify actions that the World Health Organization and its partners could take to mobilize the legal workforce, strengthen legal capacity and support effective use of law at the national level. Legal and regulatory actions must move to the centre of national noncommunicable disease action plans. This requires high-level leadership from global and national leaders, enacting evidence-based legislation and building legal capacities.

In the final installment of the Global Health series, the authors review the common rules and behavior that make up the basis for global health law. The past two decades have brought revolutionary changes in global health, driven by popular concern over the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), new strains of influenza, and maternal mortality. 1 International development assistance for health — a crucial aspect of health cooperation — increased by a factor of five, from $5.6 billion in 1990 to $28.1 billion in 2012, with the private and voluntary sectors taking on an ever-increasing share of the total. 2 Given the rapid globalization that is a defining feature of today's world, the need for a robust system of global health law has never been greater. Global health law . . .

[...]immigration restrictions resting purely on medical grounds became enshrined in law. [...]of this heightened attention, “venereal disease” clinics were specifically set up for Black workers when they were granted entry into the UK. In an attempt to control viral transmission, population movement has been greatly restricted, with many countries imposing partial or complete border closures for foreign nationals. [...]it is important to discern between necessary scientific responses to medical crises and the cultural and political imaginaries of “susceptible” or “contagious” groups that are used to