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Why is the story of romance in books, magazines, and films still aimed at women rather than at men? Even after decades of feminism, traditional ideas and messages about romantic love still hold sway and, in our \"postfeminist\" age, are more popular than ever. Increasingly, we have become a culture of romance: stories of all kinds shape the terms of love. Women, in particular, love a love story. The Glass Slipperis about the persistence of a familiar Anglo-American love story into the digital age. Comparing influential classics to their current counterparts, Susan Ostrov Weisser relates in highly amusing prose how these stories are shaped and defined by and for women, the main consumers of romantic texts. Following a trajectory that begins with Jane Austen and concludes with Internet dating sites, Weisser shows the many ways in which nineteenth-century views of women's nature and the Victorian idea of romance have survived the feminist critique of the 1970s and continue in new and more ambiguous forms in today's media, with profound implications for women. More than a book about romance in fiction and media,The Glass Slipperillustrates how traditional stories about women's sexuality, femininity, and romantic love have survived as seemingly protective elements in a more modern, feminist, sexually open society, confusing the picture for women themselves. Weisser compares diverse narratives-historical and contemporary from high literature and \"low\" genres-discussing novels by Jane Austen and Charlotte Brontë, Victorian women's magazines, and D. H. Lawrence'sLady Chatterley's Lover; Disney movies; popular Harlequin romance novels; masochistic love in films; pornography and its relationship to romance; and reality TV and Internet ads as romantic stories. Ultimately, Weisser shows that the narrative versions of the Glass Slipper should be taken as seriously as the Glass Ceiling as we see how these representations of romantic love are meant to inform women's beliefs and goals. In this book, Weisser's goal is not to shatter the Glass Slipper, but to see through it.

In spite of the generally accepted status of English as a lingua franca, the labor market returns to English for its role as an international language are relatively understudied. In this paper, advertisements from Computrabajo.com.mx, a website posting job advertisements in Mexico, are used to estimate the impact speaking English has on wages in Mexico. The wage premium for English speakers is found to be approximately 28 percent (over non-English speakers) for the sample as a whole. This premium is comparable to the wage premium associated with having a college degree (compared to having an incomplete college education). The evidence found in this paper suggests that English may provide a path to upward economic mobility in Mexico, and that this holds true for persons of all skill levels. In fact, estimated wage premia for English were higher for jobs with lower skill or education requirements than for jobs with higher skill or education requirements.

PurposeSynthetic advertising, which involves creating or modifying ads through artificial intelligence (AI) technology, has recently transformed the field of media and advertising. Despite its emerging importance, our understanding of consumer perceptions in this context is limited. This study is one of the first to explore the impact of synthetic advertising on consumer behavior.Design/methodology/approachAcross two between-subject experimental studies, using coffee shop customers in the USA, we tested how, why and when awareness of falsity in AI-generated corporate social responsibility (CSR) ads affects online brand engagement.FindingsIn Study 1, awareness of falsity in AI-generated CSR ads negatively impacts online brand engagement, with perceived sincerity mediating this relationship. Additionally, a higher level of CSR authenticity mitigates the negative effect of awareness of falsity on online brand engagement. CSR authenticity does not moderate the mediation effect of perceived sincerity in the relationship between awareness of falsity and online brand engagement. In Study 2, the relationship between awareness of falsity and online brand engagement is moderated by brand familiarity. Importantly, perceived sincerity only mediates this effect for unfamiliar brands, not familiar ones.Practical implicationsThis study provides key insights for managers using AI to promote CSR initiatives. While AI can save time and budget, it may lead to negative consumer reactions due to perceptions of insincerity. To mitigate this, companies should focus on enhancing the authenticity of their CSR efforts and humanizing AI-generated ads. Additionally, established brands should be cautious of reduced consumer engagement with AI-generated content, while unfamiliar brands can benefit by emphasizing sincerity in their messaging.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first studies that discuss how, why and when awareness of falsity in AI-generated corporate social responsibility ads affects online brand engagement.

Increasing the level of digitalization in the agricultural sector of Ukraine creates prospects for more active use of digital marketing tools by small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises. Along with this, the lack of unified approaches to combining online advertising and search engine optimization limits the effectiveness of the current marketing strategies of agricultural businesses. The article aims to generalize theoretical approaches to combining search engine optimization (SEO) and online advertising (PPC) in marketing, identify the advantages of such an integrated approach and outline its practical significance for agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. The research methodology is based on content analysis of the results of previous studies and practical cases using methods of cognitive theory, such as synthesis, induction, deduction, and comparison. The possibilities of interaction between SEO and PPC are quite wide. The results of the study indicate that communication channels should not be considered in isolation, but as a single system (Integrated Marketing Communications, IMC), which suggests the need to coordinate SEO, PPC, SMM, email marketing and other tools within a common strategy to ensure message consistency and maximum overall effect. The article reveals current trends in the digitalization of agricultural marketing and the factors that determine them. It was found that after the restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and under martial law, many traditional methods (physical meetings, exhibitions) became unavailable; as a result, Ukrainian agricultural enterprises began to look for new ways of communication, particularly through digital marketing tools. So, today, there is a gradual increase in farmers' interest in SEO promotion of their websites and online advertising. The researchers describe in detail the conditions for achieving synergy when combining SEO and PPC. The results prove that forming an agricultural enterprise's Internet communications system based on integrating online advertising and SEO is a promising way to increase its competitiveness. To keep up with the times, Ukrainian agricultural enterprises should adopt the best world experience to their conditions and invest in developing digital competencies.

As with all forms of advertising, exposure is a necessary prerequisite for Internet banner ad effectiveness. However, exposure does not guarantee a user's attention, an issue especially relevant to the Internet, where ad avoidance occurs most frequently. And if an ad is noticed, the message may or may not remain in the consumer's memory after cognitive processing. However, even if the advertising message is not consciously remembered, the exposure can be unconsciously processed and subsequently change the user's affective state. To investigate how attention levels influence users, this study uses eye tracking to measure the level of attention that results from an advertisement exposure and explores how different levels of attention influence users in conscious and unconscious ways. Also, we examine the effect of animation-one of the most popular attention-grabbing tools-on attention and how it moderates cognitive processing. By measuring and analyzing users' actual eye-movement data, we found that animation in banner ads not only attracts less attention than static ads but also reduces the positive effect of attention on memory. In addition, although more than half of the participants could not recognize the advertised brand, the animated banner ad was unconsciously processed and did influence attitudes toward the brand. The results suggest that animation in banner ads does not necessarily increase user attention, but that even if a user does not consciously notice a banner ad, the user's attitude toward the brand is influenced.

Despite the rapidly growing expenditure on digital advertising, the effectiveness of the functioning of the digital advertising ecosystem is becoming less and less visible. This is related to the fact that only a small part of the expenditure incurred by organizations on various forms of digital advertising brings the expected results. For several years now, a phenomenon that stifles the effectiveness of the digital advertising ecosystem and deteriorates the ROI (return on investment) of advertisers has been the widespread practice of blocking advertising, known as ad-blocking. In this context, the aim of this article is to analyze the scale of the phenomenon of ad-blocking and its causes in terms of its impact on the effectiveness of the functioning of the digital advertising ecosystem and its sustainable development, which is extremely important from the point of view of the development of electronic commerce. In order to carry out this study, a literature analysis was conducted on the genesis of this phenomenon, its scale, causes, and economic effects. After this stage of research, in order to obtain primary data, a questionnaire survey was conducted on a group of individual Internet users. The results of the research indicated three main reasons for the development of ad-blocking. These are: excessive number of advertisements, their excessive invasiveness, and the mismatch between the advertisements displayed to the user and the user’s interests. In the context of these results and of the continued sustainable functioning of the digital advertising ecosystem, it is essential that the advertising industry be able to offer users alternatives to ad-blocking that they consider valuable from their own point of view and that take the users’ expectations into account.

Digital Marketing Guide for Start-up Entrepreneurs is a practical, step-by-step guide that will help budding entrepreneurs in setting up and executing their digital marketing strategy from scratch to achieve the goals they have set for their start-ups.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is the main communication system currently being used in Air Traffic Control (ATC) around the world. The ADS-B system is planned to be a key component of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen plan, which will manage the increasingly congested airspace in the coming decades. While the benefits of ADS-B are widely known, its lack of security measures and its vulnerability to cyberattacks such as jamming and spoofing is a great concern for flight safety experts. In this paper, we first summarize the cyberattacks and challenges related to ADS-B’s vulnerabilities. Thereafter, we present theoretical and practical methods for implementing an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system as a possible additional safety layer to mitigate the presented cyber-vulnerabilities. Finally, a set of simulations and field experiments is presented to test the expected performance of the suggested IoT flight safety system. We conjecture that the presented system can be implemented in a wide range of civilian airplanes, leading to an improvement in flight safety in cases of cyberattacks or the absence of reliable ADS-B communication.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the various solutions and recommendations provided by researchers in applying the blockchain concept to different problems in aviation industry. It will discuss and highlight the specific approaches that leverages blockchain to mitigate the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) security issues. Furthermore, it introduces an innovative design and method to secure ADS-B data using a tamper-resistant distributed public ledger of authenticated flight plans and validates the position and other parameters of the associated aircraft identifier against the flight paths/routes that are stored in the blockchain ledger. Design/methodology/approach ADS-B is the key technology that is mandated by Federal Aviation Administration in USA by 2020. However, ADS-B data is neither encrypted nor authenticated. This paper proposes a novel solution using blockchain to secure the ADS-B data communications and in-depth analysis of existing solutions covering the following aspects: classification of various possible attacks on ADS-B. Presents various solutions proposed by different researchers regarding use of blockchain in aviation industry. Discuss a new solution to secure ADS-B using blockchain. Discuss the high-level architectural framework of the proposed and patented solution. Finally, presents the conclusions and future work scope. Findings While the main intention of this paper is to bring together all the existing solutions using blockchain to secure aviation and ADS-B data at one place, the proposed novel solution could contribute to maintaining security and privacy for aircrafts flying in the airspace at any point in time. Continuously securing the ADS-B data transmissions based upon the filed flight plans in real time can provide a mechanism to identify spoofed aircraft messages and communicate the same to ground stations for authentication of existence of such a malicious aircraft. Thus, this solution also differs from all the existing ones. Practical implications As aviation industry is in its infancy stage in implementing blockchain-based solutions, practical implementation of the proposed concept might take longer. Originality/value This paper is a comprehensive survey and review paper. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first of its kind that presents various use cases for usage of blockchain in aviation industry along with a detailed review of existing proposed or implemented solutions using blockchain to secure ADS-B data. This can serve as an invaluable reference for the future researchers on this topic in both industry and academia.

This study introduces a novel methodology designed to assess the accuracy of data processing in the Lambda Architecture (LA), an advanced big-data framework qualified for processing streaming (data in motion) and batch (data at rest) data. Distinct from prior studies that have focused on hardware performance and scalability evaluations, our research uniquely targets the intricate aspects of data-processing accuracy within the various layers of LA. The salient contribution of this study lies in its empirical approach. For the first time, we provide empirical evidence that validates previously theoretical assertions about LA, which have remained largely unexamined due to LA’s intricate design. Our methodology encompasses the evaluation of prospective technologies across all levels of LA, the examination of layer-specific design limitations, and the implementation of a uniform software development framework across multiple layers. Specifically, our methodology employs a unique set of metrics, including data latency and processing accuracy under various conditions, which serve as critical indicators of LA’s accurate data-processing performance. Our findings compellingly illustrate LA’s “eventual consistency”. Despite potential transient inconsistencies during real-time processing in the Speed Layer (SL), the system ultimately converges to deliver precise and reliable results, as informed by the comprehensive computations of the Batch Layer (BL). This empirical validation not only confirms but also quantifies the claims posited by previous theoretical discourse, with our results indicating a 100% accuracy rate under various severe data-ingestion scenarios. We applied this methodology in a practical case study involving air/ground surveillance, a domain where data accuracy is paramount. This application demonstrates the effectiveness of the methodology using real-world data-intake scenarios, therefore distinguishing this study from hardware-centric evaluations. This study not only contributes to the existing body of knowledge on LA but also addresses a significant literature gap. By offering a novel, empirically supported methodology for testing LA, a methodology with potential applicability to other big-data architectures, this study sets a precedent for future research in this area, advancing beyond previous work that lacked empirical validation.