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"Interruption"
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L'incroyable histoire du chiffre 3
\"C'est une belle soirée sous la tente. Le public est en délire et le maître de cérémonie s'apprête à commencer le spectacle tant attendu: l'histoire de l'incroyable, du mirobolant, de l'époustouflant chiffre 3! Mais le pauvre n'arrive pas à faire son numéro, car il ne cesse d'être interrompu par deux personnages...agaçants: Souris qui remet TOUT en question et Singe à l'imagination TRÈS fertile. Pourquoi est-ce que le chiffre 3 recevrait TOUTE l'attention? C'est INJUSTE! Singe et Souris prennent donc le contrôle du spectacle. Ils amèneront les lecteurs.rices et le pauvre maître de cérémonie à les suivre dans les méandres d'une histoire peu conventionnelle.\"--leslibraires.ca.
Book
Experimental Research on Arc Shape Evolution in the Vacuum Rapid Interrupter
The shape of the vacuum arc serves as a critical indicator for analyzing whether the arc energy is concentrated. This paper examines the behavior and development of a rapid interruption vacuum arc under axial magnetic field (AMF) under rapid interruption conditions. The AMF effectively lowers both arc voltage and energy, thereby supporting a more stable, diffused arc state. Experimental observations indicate that the arc maintains a uniform, diffuse distribution across the AMF contacts. Analysis of the arc’s dynamic volt–ampere characteristics provides further insight into its evolution. These characteristics, measured across varying currents and frequencies, consistently demonstrate a three-stage progression: the free expansion phase (S1), the transition phase (S2), and the stable diffusion phase (S3).
Journal Article
Une histoire s'il te plaît!!!
\"Vroum a terrrrriblement envie que son ami Pouet lui raconte une histoire. Celui-ci finit par céder et, bouquin en main, entreprend la lecture de quelques contes classiques. Mais l'énergique Vroum l'interrompt sans cesse pour tenter de deviner la suite. Une suite débordante de fantaisie qui n'a rien à voir avec le véritable conte. Exaspéré, Pouet est sur le point de renoncer quand Vroum décide d'inverser les rôles. Dorénavant, c'est lui qui racontera l'histoire. Pouet n'a qu'à bien se tenir, car le pouvoir d'imagination de son ami est encore plus grand qu'il le croit !\"--leslibraires.ca.
Book
Life Interrupted
Work interruptions have made significant inroads into the knowledge workers’ nonwork domain, in large part due to the ubiquitous nature of mobile devices that blur the work–nonwork boundaries by enabling work interruptions anywhere and at any time. We examine the effects of such technology-mediated work-related interruptions that occur during one’s time off on both work and nonwork outcomes. Leveraging theoretical perspectives from interruption, work–life interface, and conservation of resources, we conceptualize both positive and negative effects of such interruptions on behavioral and psychological outcomes. We identify three mediating mechanisms via which these effects occur: interruption overload and psychological transition via which negative effects occur and task closure via which positive effects occur. Results reveal significant effects of interruptions on work and nonwork outcomes through the three mediating mechanisms. Although positive effects are observed, the total effects of work-related interruptions are detrimental across both work and nonwork outcomes, with the strongest negative effect on work exhaustion. The results suggest that after-hours work interruptions do not necessarily benefit work performance and come at the cost of work exhaustion. Analyses also reveal that the effects of interruptions are dependent on the technology via which these occur. While phone and messaging generate negative outcomes through interruption overload, e-mail leads to both positive and negative outcomes through task closure and psychological transition respectively. The study concludes with implications for research and practice on how to mitigate negative effects and enhance positive effects.
Journal Article
E-Mail Interruptions and Individual Performance
Interruption of work by e-mail and other communication technologies has become widespread and ubiquitous. However, our understanding of how such interruptions influence individual performance is limited. This paper distinguishes between two types of e-mail interruptions (incongruent and congruent) and draws upon action regulation theory and the computer-mediated communication literature to examine their direct and indirect effects on individual performance. Two empirical studies of sales professionals were conducted spanning different time frames: a survey study with 365 respondents and a diary study with 212 respondents. The results were consistent across the two studies, showing a negative indirect effect of exposure to incongruent interruptions (interruptions containing information that is not relevant to primary activities) through subjective workload, and a positive indirect effect of exposure to congruent interruptions (interruptions containing information that is relevant to primary activities) through mindfulness. The results differed across the two studies in terms of whether the effects were fully or partially mediated, and we discuss these differences using meta-inferences. Technology capabilities used during interruption episodes also had significant effects: rehearsing (fine-tuning responses to incoming messages) and reprocessing (reexamining received messages) were positively related to mindfulness, parallel communication (engaging in multiple e-mail conversations simultaneously) and leaving messages in the inbox were positively related to subjective workload, and deleting messages was negatively related to subjective workload. This study contributes to research by providing insights on the different paths that link e-mail interruptions to individual performance and by examining the effects of using capabilities of the interrupting technology (IT artifact) during interruption episodes. It also complements the experimental tradition that focuses on isolated interruptions. By shifting the level of analysis from specific interruption events to overall exposure to interruptions over time and from the laboratory to the workplace, our study provides realism and ecological validity.
Journal Article
After-hours work-related technology use and individuals' deviance: the role of other-initiated versus self-initiated interruptions
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of after-hours work-related technology use on interpersonal, organizational and nonwork deviance through work–family conflict (WFC) by focusing on the moderating role of other- and self-initiated interruptions.Design/methodology/approachThe online survey included 318 valid samples from employees working in different organizations in the Anhui provinces of the People's Republic of China. The authors applied Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) process macros for testing mediation and moderated mediation analysis while conducting path analytic procedures and bootstrapping analysis.FindingsThis study found that after-hours work-related technology use is positively associated with interpersonal, organizational and nonwork deviance through WFC. This positive relationship strengthens in the presence of other-initiated interruptions compared with self-initiated interruptions. The results show that as compared to self-initiated interruptions, other-initiated interruptions strengthen the relationship between after-hours work-related technology use and its outcomes in the forms of WFC and deviance.Originality/valueAfter-hours work-related technology use is a ubiquitous phenomenon and got significant scholarly attention. However, its effect on WFC and individual deviant behaviors has never been studied. Moreover, the moderated-mediation role of self-initiated and other-initiated interruptions presents a unique and important development in the context of after-hours work-related technology use and deviant behavior.
Journal Article
Coping with mobile technology overload in the workplace
Purpose
The overload effects associated with the use of mobile information and communication technologies (MICTs) in the workplace have become increasingly prevalent. The purpose of this paper is to examine the overload effects of using MICTs at work on employees’ job satisfaction, and explore the corresponding coping strategies.
Design/methodology/approach
The study is grounded on the cognitive load theory and the coping model of user adaptation. The overload antecedents and coping strategies are integrated into one model. Theoretical hypotheses are tested with survey data collected from a sample of 178 employees at work in China.
Findings
The results indicate that information overload significantly reduces job satisfaction, while the influence of interruption overload on job satisfaction is not significant. Two coping strategies (information processing timeliness and job control assistant support) can significantly improve job satisfaction. Information processing timeliness significantly moderates the relationships between two types of overload effects and job satisfaction. Job control assistant support also significantly moderates the relationship between interruption overload and job satisfaction.
Practical implications
This study suggests that information overload and interruption overload could constitute an important index to indicate employees’ overload level when using MICTs at work. The two coping strategies provide managers with effective ways to improve employees’ job satisfaction. By taking advantage of the moderation effects of coping strategies, managers could lower employees’ evaluation of overload to an appropriate level.
Originality/value
This study provides a comprehensive model to examine how the overload resulting from using MICTs in the workplace affects employees’ work status, and how to cope with it. Two types of overload are conceptualized and corresponding coping strategies are identified. The measurements of principal constructs are developed and empirically validated. The results provide theoretical and practical insights on human resource management and human–computer interaction.
Journal Article
Evaluation Method for Interruption Capability of DC Circuit Breakers
This paper presents an evaluation method for the interruption capability of direct-current (DC) circuit breakers. We induced various hybrid types of DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) and proposed a suitable DC interruption test method to simulate the scenario of a short circuit occurring in a DC system during normal operation. To analytically estimate the interruption capability of the DCCB, we calculated the magnitude of the DC interruption current, rate of change of current (di/dt), and maximum transient recovery voltage (TIV) using an equivalent circuit model. To experimentally evaluate the interruption capability of the DCCB, we constructed a practical DC interruption test facility based on an equivalent circuit. The measured DC interruption test current was compared with the values calculated using the equivalent circuit model.
Journal Article
Prevalence and duration of reasons for enteral nutrition feeding interruption in a tertiary intensive care unit
•Interruption to the feeding of enteral nutrition (EN) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is commonly reported in the literature.•EN feeding interruption (FI) occurred in 12.8% of the total number of evaluable nutrition days and led to a total fasting duration of more than 1 d (24.5 h) per patient for the entire ICU stay.•The categories of causes contributed to EN FI in descending order, based on duration of FI, are procedural-related, potentially avoidable reasons; illness-related intolerance; unknown reasons; and gastrointestinal-related intolerance.•Duration of EN FI due to procedures in the ICU and potentially avoidable reasons (primarily human factors) were about 3.6 times higher than feeding intolerances.•About −1780.23 kcal and −100.58 g of energy and protein deficits were associated with FI.
Intensive care unit (ICU) enteral nutrition (EN) can involve frequent feeding interruption (FI). The prevalence, causes, and duration of such interruption were investigated.
Reasons for EN FI identified from extensive literature review were prospectively collected in adult mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Results were reported by descriptive statistics. Baseline and nutritional characteristics between patients who died and those alive at day 60 were compared.
A total of 148 patients receiving ≥1 day of EN for the full 12-day observational period were included in the analysis. About 332 episodes of EN FI were recorded and contributed to 12.8% (4190 hours) of the total 1367 evaluable nutrition days. For each patient, FI occurred for a median of 3 days and the total duration of FI for the entire ICU stay was 24.5 hours. Median energy and protein deficits per patient due to FI for the entire ICU stay were −1780.23 kcal and −100.58 g, respectively. Duration of FI, days with FI, and the amount of energy and protein deficits due to FI were not different between patients who had died and those who were still alive at day 60 (all P > 0.05). About 72% of the total duration of EN FI was due to procedural-related and potentially avoidable causes (primarily human factors), while only about 20% was due to feeding intolerances.
EN FI occurred primarily due to human factors, which may be minimized by adherence to an evidence-based feeding protocol as determined by a nutrition support team.
Journal Article