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Five Misconceptions About Interview Modes or: How to Improve Our Thinking About Face-to-Face Versus Remote Interviewing
New technology brings new methodological opportunities. While long limited to face-to-face interviewing, today’s interview researchers can choose from a plethora of options, including email, instant messaging, telephone, and video interviews. Consequently, the issue of interview modes and their relative strengths and weaknesses has received increased attention. In this article, we take stock of existing writings on interview modes in qualitative interview research. Drawing on key insights from more general theorizing about face-to-face and remote interaction, we identify and challenge five key assumptions in writings about interview modes: (1) that physical copresence ensures more and better data; (2) that interview modes have determinate effects on interaction; (3) that remote interviewing should seek to replicate face-to-face interviewing; (4) that interviews modes should be held constant within each study; and (5) that face-to-face interviewing is unmediated. We counter each assumption with a series of more productive methodological principles and advance instead a view we call interview mode pluralism, which offers a more nuanced and relational understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different interview modes. The article thus helps increase the methodological literacy of those conducting and evaluating qualitative interview research, enhancing the likelihood that researchers select those tools best suited for their tasks, and reducing the chance that evaluators dismiss research based on their methodological prejudice.
Journal Article
Effects of Psychological Empowerment–Based Motivational Interviewing Program on Self‐Management Behavior in Patients With Early Chronic Kidney Disease: A Mixed Methods Study
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health threat to patients' physical and mental health. Effective self-management can slow disease progression in early stages. However, prolonged treatment often leads to ego depletion and subsequently impacts self-management. Interventions to address this issue remain underdeveloped.
To evaluate the effects of psychological empowerment-based motivational interviewing program on early-stage CKD patients' self-management, perceived empowerment, and ego depletion and to explore their engagement experiences and the underlying reasons for the intervention's effectiveness.
The study employed the explanatory sequential mixed methods design comprised of a randomized controlled trial and a qualitative study, which were conducted in a tertiary hospital from July 2022 to November 2023. About 70 patients with early CKD were randomly assigned to a control group (
= 35) receiving standard clinical nursing, or an intervention group receiving a 12-week nurse-led psychological empowerment-based motivational interviewing program consisting of four interview sessions and four consolidation sessions. CKD Self-Management Behavior Scale, Patient Perception of Empowerment Scale, Self-Regulation Fatigue Scale, and biochemical indicators were collected at baseline (T1), after 4 weeks of intervention (T2), immediately postintervention completion (T3), and 4 weeks after intervention completion (T4). Data were analyzed by generalized estimating equation model. Semistructured interviews were conducted with the participants in the intervention group.
The participants' mean age was 42.76 years (SD = 10.59). Compared with the control group, the intervention group had a statistically significant improvement in self-management behavior (T2:
= 18.26, T3:
= 23.73, T4:
= 23.78;
< 0.001), ego depletion (T2:
= -8.46, T3:
= -11.35, T4:
= -13.35;
< 0.001), and perceived empowerment (T2:
= 5.77,
=0.002; T3:
= 9.41, T4:
= 8.99;
< 0.001). Qualitative interviews of 14 participants indicated that the intervention could affect self-perception, improve emotion, and establish healthy behaviors, which may explain such encouraging effects.
The psychological empowerment-based motivational interviewing program produced immediate and delayed benefits on self-management, perceived empowerment, and ego depletion in patients with early CKD. These findings provide new strategies for chronic disease management and psychological nursing.
Chinese Registry of Clinical Trials: ChiCTR2200064257.
Journal Article
Twelve-Month Outcomes of a Group-Randomized Community Health Advocate-Led Smoking Cessation Intervention in Public Housing
Lower rates of smoking cessation are a major reason for the higher prevalence of smoking among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults. Because barriers to quitting are both more numerous and severe, socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers may benefit from more intensive intervention. We sought to determine whether a smoking cessation intervention delivered by public housing residents trained as Tobacco Treatment Advocates (TTAs) could increase utilization of cessation resources and increase abstinence.
We conducted a group-randomized trial among Boston public housing residents who were interested in quitting smoking. Participants at control sites received standard cessation materials and a one-time visit from a TTA who provided basic counseling and information about cessation resources. Participants at intervention sites were eligible for multiple visits by a TTA who employed motivational interviewing, cessation counseling, and navigation to encourage smokers to utilize cessation treatment (Smokers' Quitline and clinic-based programs). Utilization and 7-day and 30-day point prevalence abstinence were assessed at 12 months. Self-reported abstinence was biochemically verified.
Intervention participants (n = 121) were more likely than control participants (n = 129) to both utilize treatment programs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-4.91) and 7-day and 30-day point prevalence abstinence (aOR: 2.60 (1.72-3.94); 2.98 (1.56-5.68), respectively). Mediation analysis indicated that the higher level of utilization did not explain the intervention effect.
An intervention delivered by peer health advocates was able to increase utilization of treatment programs and smoking abstinence among public housing residents. Future studies of similar types of interventions should identify the key mechanisms responsible for success.
In order to narrow the large and growing socioeconomic disparity in smoking rates, more effective cessation interventions are needed for low-income smokers. Individual culturally-relevant coaching provided in smokers' residences may help overcome the heightened barriers to cessation experienced by this group of smokers. In this study among smokers residing in public housing, an intervention delivered by peer health advocates trained in motivational interviewing, basic smoking cessation skills, and client navigation significantly increased abstinence at 12 months. Future research should address whether these findings are replicable in other settings both within and outside of public housing.
Journal Article
101 great answers to the toughest interview questions
\"No matter how good you look, how much research you've done, or how perfectly your qualifications match the job description, if you're not prepared with great answers to the toughest interview questions, you won't get the job. [Here] is a manual that will help you home in on exactly what the interviewer is trying to learn--with each and every question he or she asks\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Effect of motivational interviewing to promote advance care planning among palliative care patients in ambulatory care setting: a randomized controlled trial
Background
Many patients have mixed feelings about end-of-life care, even when facing life-limiting conditions. Motivational interviewing might be useful for supporting patients in evoking reasons for advance care planning. This study aimed to examine the effects of an advance care planning program adopting motivational interviewing among palliative care patients.
Methods
A two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted between January 2018 and December 2019 in the palliative care clinics of two hospitals. Adult patients who were newly referred to palliative care services, with a score of 60 or higher in the Palliative Performance Scale and mentally competent, were eligible for the study. While all participants received palliative care as usual care, those in the intervention group also received the advance care planning program through three home visits. The primary outcome was the readiness to discuss and document end-of-life care decisions, and the secondary outcomes included decisional conflict, perceived stress, and quality of life.
Results
A total of 204 participants (mean [SD] age, 74.9 [10.8]; 64.7% male; 80.4% cancer) were recruited. Generalized estimating equation analyses showed a significant improvement in readiness for advance care planning behaviors in the intervention group compared with the control group at 3 months post-allocation (group-by-time interaction, appointing proxy:
β
= 0.80; 95% CI, 0.25–1.35;
p
= .005; discussing with family:
β
= 0.76; 95% CI, 0.22–1.31;
p
= .006; discussing with medical doctors:
β
= 0.86; 95% CI, 0.30–1.42;
p
= .003; documenting:
β
= 0.89; 95% CI, 0.36–1.41;
p
< .001). The proportions of signing advance directives and placing a do-not-attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation order were significantly higher in the intervention group, with a relative risk of 3.43 (95% CI, 1.55–7.60) and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.04–1.28), respectively. The intervention group reported greater improvements in social support and value of life than the control group immediately after the intervention. Significant improvements in decisional conflicts and perceived stress were noted in both groups.
Conclusions
Motivational interviewing was effective in supporting patients to resolve ambivalence regarding end-of-life care, thereby increasing their readiness for discussing and documenting their care choices.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04162912 (Registered on 14/11//2019).
Journal Article
Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing to Improve Utilization of Mental Health Services Among Youths With Chronic Medical Conditions
Despite the high prevalence of anxiety and depression in youths with chronic medical conditions (CMCs), physicians encounter substantial barriers in motivating these patients to access mental health care services.
To determine the efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI) training for pediatricians in increasing youths' use of mental health care.
The COACH-MI (Chronic Conditions in Adolescents: Implementation and Evaluation of Patient-Centered Collaborative Healthcare-Motivational Interviewing) study was a single-center cluster randomized clinical trial at the University Children's Hospital specialized outpatient clinics in Düsseldorf, Germany. Treating pediatricians were cluster randomized to a 2-day MI workshop or treatment as usual (TAU). Patient recruitment and MI conversations occurred between April 2018 and May 2020 with 6-month follow-up and 1-year rescreening. Participants were youths aged 12 to 20 years with CMCs and comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression; they were advised by their MI-trained or untrained physicians to access psychological counseling services. Statistical analysis was performed from October 2020 to April 2021.
MI physicians were trained through a 2-day, certified MI training course; they recommended use of mental health care services during routine clinical appointments.
The primary outcome of uptake of mental health care services within the 6-month follow-up was analyzed using a logistic mixed model, adjusted for the data's cluster structure. Uptake of mental health services was defined as making at least 1 appointment by the 6-month follow-up.
Among 164 youths with CMCs and conspicuous anxiety or depression screening, 97 (59%) were female, 94 (57%) had MI, and 70 (43%) had TAU; the mean (SD) age was 15.2 (1.9) years. Compared with patients receiving TAU, the difference in mental health care use at 6 months among patients whose physicians had undergone MI training was not statistically significant (odds ratio [OR], 1.96; 95% CI, 0.98-3.92; P = .06). The effect was moderated by the subjective burden of disease (F2,158 = 3.42; P = .04). Counseling with an MI-trained physician also led to lower anxiety symptom scores at 1-year rescreening (F1,130 = 4.11; P = .045). MI training was associated with longer conversations between patients and physicians (30.3 [16.7] minutes vs 16.8 [12.5] minutes; P < .001), and conversation length significantly influenced uptake rates across conditions (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = .005).
In this study, use of MI in specialized pediatric consultations did not increase the use of mental health care services among youths with CMCs but did lead to longer patient-physician conversations and lower anxiety scores at 1 year. Additional research is required to determine whether varying scope and duration of MI training for physicians could encourage youths with CMCs to seek counseling and thus improve integrated care models.
German Trials Registry: DRKS00014043.
Journal Article