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This article examines the landscape of plant-based therapies in Poland during the interwar period, a time of renewed interest in herbs and herbal remedies coexisting with the rise of new synthetic drugs. Drawing on an analysis of historical materials from the interwar period, including books, articles and promotional materials, leaflets and advertising texts of drug manufacturers, the study traces the application of various therapeutic concepts, from established European naturopathy (e.g., the methods of Kneipp and Bilz) and polish folk medicine, to some therapies inspired by Eastern traditions and Tibetan medicine itself. The work explores the approaches of eclectic practitioners like Dr. Stanisław Breyer, who integrated conventional medicine with naturopathic methods, and highlights the introduction of Tibetan medicine in Poland by figures such as Dr. Włodzimierz Badmajeff. These different forms of treatment and therapy using medicinal plants, which in the interwar period constituted the natural environment and context for the development of herbalism and herbal medicine as scientifically oriented fields, and finally phytotherapy itself.

The “Miraculum” company, which was one of the most famous cosmetics’ producers in the in- terwar period and in the People’s Republic of Poland, was established in 1924. Its founder, Leon Luster, a doctor from a Jewish family, was one of the pioneers of dermatology and cosmetology in Poland. From the medical practice in Krakow and writing in the women’s press, he moved on to the production of cosmetics. The company’s success was based on innovative products and extensive advertising. The entrepreneurship of his son-in-law Witold Böhm was also of great importance. During the German occupation, “Miraculum” was taken over by the Germans. Leon Luster initially stayed in Kraków and supported the work of the factory, in 1941 he decided to move to Grybów, where he was hiding due to his Jewish origin. In 1943, handed over to the Germans, he probably ended his life in the ghetto in Nowy Sącz.

PLOPEANU, Emanuel, A Consulate as much as a Legation: the Role of the Romanian Consulate in Istanbul in the Romanian-Turkish Relations in the 1920s, CTAD, Year 21, Issue 43 (Fall 2025), pp. 985- 1004. The paper analyses the activity of the Romanian Consulate in Istanbul, more precisely that of Consul Vasile Anastasiu, during a complicated period, both in terms of internal developments in the Republic of Türkiye engaged in reforms, and in terms of Romanian-Turkish relations. Given the differences of opinion between Bucharest and Ankara regarding various contentious issues, the Istanbul Consulate provided, especially under the leadership of Vasile Anastasiu, an additional source of analysis of Turkish realities, through reports sent, in many cases, directly to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania. The consular activity did not stop at only specific issues (passports, various situations faced by Romanian citizens) but also, in parallel with those of the head of the diplomatic mission, Anastasiu offered his reflections on bilateral relations and developments in the Republic of Türkiye.

The social-economical processes of the historical province Bukovina, in the interwar period, have followed, in a great part, the broad lines of entire Romania, influenced, at its turn, by a few political figures whose conceptions, perceptions and representations would make part from the programmatic documents of the orientations and political parties which influenced, in different ways, the evolution of Romania's social and economical life and also of the new united provinces. In the following, we wish to point out the main stages of the social-economical evolution of the interwar Bucovina, and also the natural and anthropic potential, the political and cultural factor which included, in space and in time, the social-economical phenomena, as they were reflected in the media at that time, in the official statistics, in the state of mind of the minorities and of the titular population, being known the fact that the representatives and the social preconceptions can differ among the different social-professional, cultural, political, administrative categories, leaders and opinion groups.

As a result of the codification of Hungarian civil procedure, the first modern code of civil procedure was enacted in 1911. It was characterised by the principles of orality, immediacy, and publicity. An important question of the legislation was to decide to which extent should the parties be allowed to propose new allegations and proofs in the second instance proceedings. Furthermore, the legislative reforms of the interwar period amended the regulation of the appeal as well. The study examines these questions with the help of the primary sources of the era.

The article addresses the issue previously not analysed in Polish literature, namely the office work of British Home Office in the interwar period; its main objective is to provide a selective presentation of the activities of its chancery. The starting point for the considerations is a description of the most critical events in the history of the unit from its founding until World War II. Subsequent parts of the article present the substantive competencies of the office until 1939 and its organizational structure in the interwar period. The last part discusses the functioning of the Registry, along with a partial characterization of its clerical activities from the receipt of correspondence through to storage of case files. The main conclusion from the analysis is recognizing the Home Office Registry as a fully centralized chancery, operating based on daily registers.

After Adolf Hitler took power in Germany, the country was quickly remilitarised. Large-scale re- armament and expansion of the armed forces were closely monitored by the Polish military intel- ligence, which kept the supreme military authorities of the Second Polish Republic informed about the Third Reich’s preparations for war. The main task of the Second Department was to determine the probable date of the attack from this country. Already at the end of 1934, it was estimated that Germany would be ready for war within 6-8 years. The information reaching the headquarters of the “two” showed that at the turn of 1937 and 1938, the Third Reich’s preparations for a future armed conflict were intensified. At the end of the 1930s, the Second Department organized special lectures for senior commanders of the Polish army, presenting the military, political, economic and social situation of the Third Reich and the Soviet Union, i.e. the countries from which Poland faced the greatest danger. The idea was to make the senior command staff of the Polish Army acquainted with the current military and political situation of the Second Polish Republic and the scale of the threat from the two most dangerous neighbours. The presented lecture was delivered by the head of Polish military intelligence on November 29, 1937 in Rembertów and concerned Germany. It has great cognitive value because it allows us to understand the assessments of the Second Division regarding the military potential of the Third Reich and the expansion of the German armed forces. It is, in fact, a synthesis of the knowledge that the military intelligence of the Second Polish Repub- lic had in 1937 about the German state ruled by the National Socialists.

This study explores the role of academic discourse in constructing national and racial identity in interwar Romania, focusing on the Annals of the University of Cluj between 1919 and 1942. By employing text analysis methods from the field of digital humanities, such as natural language processing (NLP),bigram frequency analysis, and network visualisation, we examine how nationalist and racial categories were embedded in academic speech. The research reveals the systematic integration of concepts such as race, eugenics, and national identity across disciplines, from hygiene and ethnography to philosophy and psychology. These findings highlight the university’s central role in the Romanianisation process and the exclusion of ethnic minorities, particularly in the aftermath of the1918 unification. The results also underscore the deep interconnection between intellectual production and state ideology during this formative period. While the analysis is limited by challenges in OCR quality and text standardisation, it demonstrates the value of digital tools for uncovering discursive patterns in historical sources. This interdisciplinary approach offers new pathways for understanding the socio-political functions of academic institutions and contributes to broader debates on nationalism, race, and memory in Central and Eastern Europe.

THIS PAPER IS DEVOTED TO A NEOINSTITUTIONALIST ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS FROM THE INTERWAR ROMANIA, MORE EXACTLY BETWEEN 1918 AND 1938. EVEN THOGH ROMANIA HAD AN INCLUSIVE INSTITUTIONAL SETTING IN FORMAL TERMS, THE POLITICAL PRACTICE OF THE ROMANIAN POLITICAL ELITES WAS NOT DEMOCRATIC. THE QUESTION OF THE PAPER IS THAT: GIVEN THE FORMAL DEMOCRATIC CHARACTER, DO THE ROMANIAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS FROM 1918-1938 PASS THE TEST OF INCLUSIVENESS? IN FACT, THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE PAPER IS THAT THE ROMANIAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS BETWEEN 1918-1938 DO NOT PASS THE TEST OF DEMOCRATIC CHARACTER, BECAUSE THEY HAD AN EXTRACTIVE CHARACTER. THE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ADOPTED IN THIS PAPER COMES FROM DARON ACEMOGLU AND JAMES A. ROBINSON, AS REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS. THE CONCLUSION OF THIS PAPER IS THAT THE ROMANIAN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS FROM THE INTERWAR PERIOD WERE DEMOCRATIC (INCLUSIVE) AT A FORMAL LEVEL, BUT EXTRACTIVE AT AN INFORMAL LEVEL.

The First World War and the Trianon Treaty shocked the Hungarian economy. The Hungarian government implemented a payment moratorium from the start of the war, but after a one-year long moratorium, the government wanted to restore the working of the economy. But it desired to avoid the massive bankruptcies of the firms; therefore, a new institution, the compulsory non-bankruptcy settlement was introduced by the government in Hungary for helping the debtors. In my paper, I examine the rearrangement of the insolvency law in the interwar period which was generated by the compulsory nonbankruptcy settlement. This appeared beside the bankruptcy procedure, which regulation was passed by the National Assembly in 1881. It was the second Hungarian bankruptcy act, which remained unchanged until socialism. These two procedures were the significant elements of the insolvency law in the examined period. In my paper, I present the circumstances of the new institution’s introduction, its modification and its relation to the bankruptcy procedure.