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Background Laparoscopic surgery has become the standard treatment for colorectal cancer. A tumor that does not involve serosa is invisible intraoperatively, and manual palpation of the tumor during laparoscopy is not possible. Therefore, accurate localization of the neoplastic infiltrate remains one of the most important tasks prior to elective laparoscopic surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a magnetic endoscopic imaging (MEI) for precise preoperative endoscopic localization of neoplastic infiltrate within the large bowel. Materials and methods The study enrolled 246 patients who underwent elective surgery for colorectal cancer in 2012–2015 with accurate preoperative colonoscopic localization of the tumor. The analysis concerned patients with neoplastic infiltrate localized more than 30 cm from the anal verge. For evaluative purposes and accuracy of localization, the intestine was divided anatomically into 13 parts. Colonoscopic examinations were conducted with two types of endoscopes: group I—with MEI and group II—without MEI. Patients were assigned to the groups by random allocation. Ultimate confirmation of the tumor localization was accomplished by intraoperative evaluation. Results Group I involved 127 patients and group II 129. The two groups were compared in terms of age, sex, BMI and frequency of previous abdominal procedures. Proper localization of the lesion was confirmed in 95.23 % of group I patients and in 83.19 % of group II patients ( p  < 0.05). The greatest discrepancy in localization occurred in 8.9 % of patients from group I and 20 % of patients from group II in which the lesion was assessed primarily in the distal sigmoid. Conclusions A magnetic endoscopic imaging allows more accurate localization of neoplastic infiltrate within the large intestine compared to standard colonoscopy alone, especially within the sigmoid colon. This method can be particularly useful in planning and performing laparoscopic procedures to diminish the likelihood of improper bowel segment resection. ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01688557

Objective The consumption of opioid analgesics could be reduced by the use of analgesics with different mechanisms of action. We investigated whether additional treatment with dexmedetomidine or lidocaine could reduce opioid consumption. Methods We randomized 59 study participants into three groups and examined: (i) fentanyl consumption, (ii) consumption of piritramide, and (iii) cognitive function and neuropathic pain. The control group received continuous propofol infusion and fentanyl boluses. Continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg/h) was administered to the dexmedetomidine group and lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg/h) was administered to the lidocaine group. Results No reduction in fentanyl consumption was observed among the groups. However, we noted a significantly lower consumption of piritramide on the first and second postoperative day in the lidocaine group. Total consumption of piritramide was significantly lower in the lidocaine group compared with the control group. Conclusions Lidocaine and dexmedetomidine reduced intraoperative propofol consumption, while lidocaine reduced postoperative piritramide consumption. Clinical trial registration: NCT02616523

Background Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is simple and quick and has low complication rates. However, the disadvantage of local recurrence or remnant rate limits the use of this technique. We aimed to analyse the outcomes of conventional EMR and EMR with circumferential incision (CIEMR), a simplified modification of EMR, in the endoscopic treatment of rectal carcinoid tumours. Methods A total of 59 consecutive patients with rectal carcinoid tumours without regional lymph node enlargement confirmed by endoscopic ultrasonography were included in the study. These patients underwent endoscopic treatment from January 2009 to September 2011 and were randomly designated into CIEMR ( n  = 31) or EMR group ( n  = 28). En bloc resection rate, pathological complete resection rate, procedure time, complications and follow-up outcomes were analysed. Results The en bloc resection rate was not significantly different between the CIEMR and EMR groups (100% versus 96.55%, P  > 0.05). The pathological complete resection rate was higher in the CIEMR group than in the EMR group (96.7% versus 82.14%, P  < 0.05). The overall complication rate, delayed bleeding and procedure time were not significantly different between the two groups. No recurrence was observed in either the EMR or CIEMR group. Conclusions CIEMR optimises the procedure of EMR and simplifies the technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection; thus, it has a better histologically complete resection rate and more acceptable complication rate than EMR. Thus, CIEMR may be preferable to conventional EMR for resection of rectal carcinoid tumours less than 15 mm.

Background Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are uncommon, with an annual incidence of about 1 per 100,000 individuals. The primary tumor (PT) is generally small, but nevertheless the majority of patients have mesenteric lymph node metastases and liver metastases at diagnosis. Our aim was to identify prognostic factors for survival and to evaluate outcome after surgery in SI-NET patients. Material and Methods We included 603 consecutive patients (325 men; age at diagnosis 63 ± 11 years [mean ± SD]) with histopathologically verified SI-NET, who were diagnosed between 1985 and 2010. Hospital charts were reviewed and were scrutinized for carcinoid heart disease (CHD), flush and/or diarrhea, proliferation by Ki-67 index, mesenteric lymph node metastases (m.lgllm), distant abdominal lymph node metastases (da.lgllm), liver tumor load (LTL), extra-abdominal metastases (EAM), locoregional resective surgery, as well as debulking of LTL, and adverse events after surgery. Results Median overall survival (OS) was 8.4 years; 5-year OS was 67%, and 5-year relative survival was 74%. Independent prognostic factors by univariate and multivariate analysis were age at diagnosis, CHD, m.lgllm, da.lgllm, LTL, EAM, peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), and proliferation. Locoregional resective surgery was associated with increased survival on crude and multivariate analysis. The 30-day mortality in our institution after initial locoregional resective surgery was 0.5% (1/205). Conclusions For the first time, m.lgllm and da.lgllm, LTL, PC, and EAM are demonstrated to be independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. Locoregional removal of the PT/m.lgllm. was a positive prognostic factor by crude and adjusted analysis and may influence survival.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET) often metastasize to the liver. Although curative liver resection provides a favorable prognosis for patients with neuroendocrine liver metastasis (NELM), with a 5-year survival rate of 70–80%, recurrence is almost inevitable, mainly in the remnant liver. In Western countries, liver transplantation (LT) has been performed in patients with NELM, with the objective of complete removal of macro- and micro-NELMs. However, prognosis had been unsatisfactory, with 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates of approximately 50 and 30%, respectively. In 2007, the Milan criteria were proposed as indications for LT for NELM. The criteria included: (1) confirmed histology of NET-G1 or G2; (2) a primary tumor drained by the portal system and all extrahepatic diseases removed with curative resection before LT; (3) liver involvement ≤50%; (4) good response or stable disease for at least 6 months before LT; (5) age ≤ 55 years. A subsequent report demonstrated outstanding LT outcomes for NELM within the Milan criteria, with 5-year overall survival and recurrence rates of 97 and 13%, respectively. In Japan, living donor LT (LDLT) for NELM has been performed sporadically in only 16 patients by 2021 in Japan; however, no consensus has been reached on the indications or perioperative management of LDLT. This article presents the outcomes of these 16 patients who underwent LDLT in Japan and reviews the literature to clarify optimal indications and perioperative management of LDLT for NELM in the era of novel multimodal treatments.

The investigation of prognostic factor for gastric cancer is still desirable because of dismal prognosis in gastric cancer. Lauren’s classification is currently a useful histological classification. There are few large series evaluating the prognostic significance of Lauren’s classification in gastric cancer. From January 1987 to December 2013, a total of 3071 patients received gastrectomy for gastric cancer. According Lauren’s classification, 1423(46.3 %) patients were intestinal type, 1000 patients (32.6 %) were diffuse type, and 648 patients (21.1 %) were mixed type. The clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in Lauren’s classification were analyzed in these patients. Our results showed that patients with intestinal type gastric cancer (57.7 %) had a better 5-year overall survival than diffuse type (45.6 %) and mixed type (43.4 %, P  < 0.001). The clinicopathological characteristics showed that gastric cancer patients with intestinal type were older ( P  < 0.001), male predominant ( P  < 0.001), smaller tumor size ( P  < 0.001), distal stomach predominant ( P  < 0.001), relative well differentiated ( P  < 0.001), less advanced Borrmann type ( P  < 0.001), less scirrhous type stromal reaction( P  < 0.001), less infiltrating type of Ming’s histology type( P  < 0.001), less tumor invasion depth and less lymphovascular invasion ( P  < 0.001). Multivariate analysis with overall survival as an endpoint showed that age ( P  = 0.005), Borrmann classification ( P  < 0.001), pathological T category ( P  = 0.023), pathological N category ( P  < 0.001) and Lauren’s classification ( P  = 0.003) were significant correlated in gastric cancer. Lauren’s classification is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer patient undergoing gastrectomy. Lauren’s classification can serve as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer patient receiving gastrectomy. The clinicopathological appearance and prognosis of mixed type gastric cancer is similar to diffuse type gastric cancer.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a common and costly morbidity after colorectal surgery. This rate remains high even in the setting of strict adherence to Surgical Care Improvement Project Protocols. The aim of our pilot study was to determine the feasibility and safety of subcutaneous gentamicin injection or pressurized irrigation as adjuncts to reduce SSI. A total of 132 patients who underwent colorectal surgery at the VA North Texas Health Care System were prospectively assigned to a pressurized irrigation group (n = 44), a preincision gentamicin injection group (n = 48), or control (n = 40). The primary objective was to assess safety and feasibility of these strategies. Patient demographics were matched among groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify possible predictions of SSI in this cohort. The rate of SSI in the control group was 25 per cent, 13.5 per cent in the pressurized irrigation group, and 12.5 per cent in the gentamicin group ( P = 0.26). Combined, the intervention groups had a 13 per cent SSI versus 25 per cent control ( P = 0.09). Operative time was not increased by the interventions and no intraoperative complications specifically related to the interventions were noted. Postoperative complications were not different between groups. Both albumin and body mass index were associated with SSI. Body mass index was and independent predictor of SSI ( P = 0.006). In conclusion, this pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of the interventions described. There was no detrimental effect of either intervention. There was trend toward a reduction in SSI in the intervention group, which warrants further investigation.

Background Tumor grade is an important predictor of survival in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), as determined by Ki-67 expression and mitotic rate. NETs generally grow indolently, but some cells may acquire traits facilitating metastasis. It is unclear how frequently metastases differ in grade from their primary tumors, and whether increasing grade in metastases affects prognosis. Methods Ki-67 immunohistochemistry was performed on resected GEPNET specimens and cases with results for both primary tumors and concurrent metastases were identified. Grade was determined using a modified World Health Organization classification (Ki-67: G1 = 0–2%; G2 > 2–20%; G3 > 20%). Results Ki-67 was performed on both the primary tumor and metastases in 103 patients. Tumor grade was higher in metastases from 25 (24%) patients, 24 increased from G1 to G2, and 1 increased from G2 to G3; 68 (66%) patients had no change in grade (42 G1 and 26 G2), and 10 (10%) decreased from G2 to G1. No clinicopathologic factors were predictive of higher grade in metastases. The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 55% for patients with stable grade versus 8% of patients with increased grade, while 5-year overall survival (OS) was 92 and 54%, respectively. The 5-year OS of patients who had stable grade with G1 and G2 primaries was 92 and 64%, respectively. Conclusions Nearly one-third of patients had metastases with a different grade than their primary, and, when grade increased, both PFS and OS significantly decreased. Determining the grade in both the primary tumor and a metastasis is important for estimating prognosis and to help inform decisions regarding additional therapies.

Background Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is an effective treatment for advanced gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We investigated a 2-decade experience with PRRT to determine whether PRRT confers a survival advantage to patients who progress after surgery versus other therapies. Methods We identified patients from our clinic who had resection/cytoreduction of GEP-NETs, then disease progression by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1. The Kaplan–Meier method assessed progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), calculated from progression after surgery (no-PRRT group) or the start of PRRT. Cox regression with time-dependent covariates controlled for immortal time bias and other confounders. Results Overall, 237 patients progressed after surgery; 95 received PRRT and 142 did not. No differences existed in sex, T or N stage, tumor grade/differentiation, primary site, or time to progression; 94% of PRRT patients had metastases at diagnosis versus 77% in the no-PRRT group. Median PFS was longer in the PRRT group versus the no-PRRT group (32.4 vs. 11.0 months, p  < 0.001), as was median OS (49.8 vs. 38.4 months; p  = 0.009). In subgroup analysis, the PRRT group had improved PFS in small bowel NETs and pancreatic NETs. Time-dependent covariate analysis revealed a lower risk of death associated with PRRT (hazard ratio 0.61, p  = 0.028) after adjusting for sex, age, M stage, tumor grade, and primary site. Conclusion Surgical resection and cytoreduction is an effective treatment for patients with GEP-NETs, but most patients with metastatic disease develop recurrent disease. Surgery followed by PRRT after progression conferred superior PFS and OS over no PRRT/other therapies, and is an effective strategy for managing patients with GEP-NETs.

Background The clinical role of microsatellite instability (MSI) in gastric cancer (GC) is controversial. A large series of patients submitted to respective surgery for primary GC with a long follow-up time was evaluated. Methods 472 patients with prospectively collected frozen samples of normal mucosa and tumor tissue stored in a biological tissue bank were included. Microsatellite analysis was evaluated using 5 quasi monomorphic mononucleotide repeats (BAT-26, BAT-25, NR-24, NR-21, and NR-27). The presence of MSI in 2 or more loci was classified as MSI-H, whereas all other cases were included in the microsatellite-stable (MSS) group. Results MSI-H phenotype was found in 111 of 472 patients (23.5 %). MSI-H status was related significantly with older age, female gender, non-cardia location, WHO histotype, non-cardia Lauren intestinal type, and less advanced stages. Cancer-related 5-year survival was significantly higher in MSI-H versus MSS group (67.6 % vs. 35 %, p  < 0.001). Stratified analysis revealed a significant impact of MSI on prognosis in non-cardia tumors of intestinal type or tubular/poorly differentiated histology, particularly in stages II and III; multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed MSS status as a strong predictor of poor prognosis (hazard ratio 2.65, 95 % CI 1.56–4.51, p  < 0.001) in non-cardia intestinal type. No prognostic value of MSI in the diffuse-mixed type and signet-ring cell/mucinous histotypes was observed. Conclusions MSI was confirmed as a significant predictor of long term outcome in a large series of GC with a long follow-up time, but the prognostic value is limited to selected histotypes of non-cardia tumors.