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A practical handbook on fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for physicians, nurses, physician assistants, students, residents, and fellows, The 6 Ds of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Primer from Decision to Discharge and Beyond provides a clinical framework to understand and administer this treatment as safely and effectively as possible. FMT has emerged as a promising treatment for C. difficile infection (CDI), and there is a major need for educational resources on the topic. Drs. Jessica Allegretti, Zain Kassam, and their expert contributors are leaders in the field and have collectively cared for thousands of patients suffering from recurrent CDI who have benefitted from FMT. This guide provides practical tools, clinical pearls, and answers to frequently asked questions. Beginning with introductory information on the microbiome and exploring the history of FMT, The 6 Ds of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation outlines a step-by-step checklist for administering FMT: Decision: Who is the right CDI patient to receive FMT? What clinical questions should you ask patients in your FMT clinical assessment? Donor: How do you select and screen a donor for FMT? Discussion: What are the risks, benefits, and alternatives that need to be discussed with patients? Delivery: What is the best delivery method for FMT-colonoscopy, nasogastric tube, enema, or capsules? Discharge and follow-up: What is the ideal post-FMT care? How should you council patients following FMT? Discovery: What are the most promising emerging clinical applications for FMT? What is the evidence for FMT in obesity, autism, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and liver disease? Arming healthcare professionals with the ability to answer questions from patients regarding FMT and the microbiome, The 6 Ds of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation provides a pragmatic guide for this exciting treatment.

Background Recently, increasing evidence supports that some complex diseases are not attributed to a given pathogen, but dysbiosis in the host intestinal microbiota (IM). The full intestinal ecosystem alterations, rather than a single pathogen, are associated with white feces syndrome (WFS), a globally severe non-infectious shrimp disease, while no experimental evidence to explore the causality. Herein, we conducted comprehensive metagenomic and metabolomic analysis, and intestinal microbiota transplantation (IMT) to investigate the causal relationship between IM dysbiosis and WFS. Results Compared to the Control shrimp, we found dramatically decreased microbial richness and diversity in WFS shrimp. Ten genera, such as Vibrio , Candidatus Bacilloplasma, Photobacterium , and Aeromonas , were overrepresented in WFS, whereas 11 genera, including Shewanella , Chitinibacter , and Rhodobacter were enriched in control. The divergent changes in these populations might contribute the observation that a decline of pathways conferring lipoic acid metabolism and mineral absorption in WFS. Meanwhile, some sorts of metabolites, especially lipids and organic acids, were found to be related to the IM alteration in WFS. Integrated with multiomics and IMT, we demonstrated that significant alterations in the community composition, functional potentials, and metabolites of IM were closely linked to shrimp WFS. The distinguished metabolites which were attributed to the IM dysbiosis were validated by feed-supplementary challenge. Both homogenous selection and heterogeneous selection process were less pronounced in WFS microbial community assembly. Notably, IMT shrimp from WFS donors eventually developed WFS clinical signs, while the dysbiotic IM can be recharacterized in recipient shrimp. Conclusions Collectively, our findings offer solid evidence of the causality between IM dysbiosis and shrimp WFS, which exemplify the ‘microecological Koch’s postulates’ (an intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, a disease) in disease etiology, and inspire our cogitation on etiology from an ecological perspective. FQ9SoidJJGxv1orPr3YvZs Video abstract

Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host–microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers. Seeking order among our gut microbes The human gut microbiota consists of a huge number of species and varies greatly between individuals. A comparative metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiomes of 39 individuals from 6 countries shows that despite this diversity, the microbiota composition can be classified into at least 3 distinct groups, or enterotypes. The enterotypes contain functional markers that correlate with individual features such as age and body mass index, a feature that may be of use in the diagnosis of numerous human disorders such as colorectal cancer and diabetes.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1483550.].

Improving the intestinal microbiota using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics has attracted attention as a method of disease prevention and treatment. This is the first study to discuss the effects of food intake on the intestinal microbiota using a large Japanese intestinal microbiota database. Here, as a case study, we determined changes in the intestinal microbiota caused by ingestion of a processed natto food containing B. subtilisvar. natto SONOMONO spores, SONOMONO NATTO POWDER CAPSULESTM, by analyzing 16S rRNA sequence data generated using next-generation sequencing techniques. The results showed that the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Blautia as well as the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium were increased in males and females in the ingesting group, respectively. Additionally, the effects of SONOMONO NATTO POWDER CAPSULESTM intake on Bifidobacterium and Blautia abundance depended on the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium at baseline. Finally, analysis of a large Japanese intestinal microbiota database suggested that the bacterial genera that fluctuated with the ingestion of SONOMONO NATTO POWDER CAPSULESTM may be associated with lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes.

Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are genetically heterogeneous diseases characterized by primary skeletal muscle atrophy. The collapse of muscle structure and irreversible degeneration of tissues promote the occurrence of comorbidities, including cardiomyopathy and respiratory failure. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to inflammation, fibrosis, and adipogenic cellular infiltrates that exacerbate the symptomatology of MD patients. Gastrointestinal disorders and metabolic anomalies are common in MD patients and may be determined by the interaction between the intestine and its microbiota. Therefore, the gut–muscle axis is one of the actors involved in the spread of inflammatory signals to all muscles. In this review, we aim to examine in depth how intestinal dysbiosis can modulate the metabolic state, the immune response, and mitochondrial biogenesis in the course and progression of the most investigated MDs such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Myotonic Dystrophy (MD1), to better identify gut microbiota metabolites working as therapeutic adjuvants to improve symptoms of MD.

Probiotics can improve the intestinal environment by enhancing beneficial bacteria to potentially regulate lipid levels; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 (LPQ180) on postprandial lipid metabolism and the intestinal microbiome environment from a clinical perspective. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted including 70 participants of both sexes, 20 years of age and older, with healthy blood triacylglyceride (TG) levels below 200 mg/dL. Treatment with LPQ180 for 12 weeks significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.042) and apolipoprotein (Apo)B-100 (p = 0.003) levels, and decreased postprandial maximum concentrations (Cmax) and areas under the curve (AUC) of TG, chylomicron TG, ApoB-48, and ApoB-100. LPQ180 treatment significantly decreased total indole and phenol levels (p = 0.019). In addition, there was a negative correlation between baseline microbiota abundance and lipid marker change, which was negatively correlated with metabolites. This study suggests that LPQ180 might be developed as a functional ingredient to help maintain healthy postprandial lipid levels through modulating gut environment.

Imbalanced nutrition, such as a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet, is associated with negative effects on human health. The composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota are closely related to the type of diet and have been shown to change significantly in response to changes in food content and food supplement administration. Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are lipophilic molecules that have been found to improve lipid metabolism and glycemic control and decrease systemic inflammation. Furthermore, alkylresorcinol intake is associated with changes in intestinal microbiota metabolic activity. However, the exact mechanism through which alkylresorcinols modulate microbiota activity and host metabolism has not been determined. In this study, alterations in the small intestinal microbiota (SIM) and the large intestinal microbiota (LIM) were investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet with or without pentadecylresorcinol (C15) supplementation. High-throughput sequencing was applied for jejunal and colonic microbiota analysis. The results revealed that C15 supplementation in combination with a high-fat diet could decrease blood glucose levels. High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that C15 intake significantly increased (p < 0.0001) the abundance of the probiotic bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum in both the small and large intestines and increased the alpha diversity of LIM (p < 0.05), but not SIM. The preliminary results suggested that one of the mechanisms of the protective effects of alkylresorcinol on a high-fat diet is the modulation of the content of SIM and LIM and metabolic activity to increase the probiotic bacteria that alleviate unhealthy metabolic changes in the host.

The intestinal microbiota has become known as the ‘second brain’ a complementary organ for most metabolic and defensive reactions. The study aims to investigate the potential of the methanolic extract of Pistacia lentiscus leaves to modulate the dominant flora in type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects, by controlling growth kinetics. Comparative study between the dominant flora of type two diabitics (DT2) and helthy subjects (HS) stools. Using fully sterilized experimental space and materials, the germs were isolated through an antimicrobial study, and their microbial growth kinetics, were analyzed both with and without phytotherapeutic treatment in vitro. This was carried out as part of a study into the effect of methanolic extract from the leaves of the Pistacia lentiscus L. plant harvested in north-west Algeria. The study found a decrease in the quantity of lactobacilli and streptococci in DT2 and an inverse relationship between enterobacteria and streptococci in all microbiotas. On the molecular side. The methanolic extract of P lentiscus leaves gave a super antimicrobial effect for E coli and Clostridium sp at concentrations below their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (2 mg mL-1), compared with the other gram positives studied, lactobacillus and Streptococcus (4 mg mL-1). This beneficial action confirms the high antimicrobial effect of the methanolic extract of P lentiscus leaves with lower concentration for the quantitative restauration of intestinal microbiota, the intermediary between insoluno-resistance and metabolism. Pistacia lentiscus has the potential to modulate the dominant flora in type 2 diabetics, through its regulatory antimicrobial power.

Intestinal microbiota and its metabolites are involved in many physiological processes of the human body and play a vital role in maintaining human health. The occurrence of kidney disease can cause intestinal microbiota imbalance, resulting in diarrhea. The change of intestinal microbiota and its metabolites content can aggravate renal function injury, which has a bidirectional regulating effect. The theory of renal-intestinal axis further clarified that the impaired renal function is related to the imbalance of intestinal microorganisms, and the impaired intestinal barrier is related to the accumulation of toxin products. Because of its unique therapeutic advantages, Traditional Chinese Medicine can treat diarrhea by enhancing the growth of beneficial bacteria, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria and immune regulation, and slow down the continuous deterioration of kidney disease. This paper focuses on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and its metabolites and diarrhea, the influence of Traditional Chinese Medicine on intestinal microbiota in the treatment of diarrhea, and the role of intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in the renal-intestinal axis. It provides a theoretical basis for Traditional Chinese Medicine to regulate intestinal microbiota and its metabolites based on the renal-intestinal axis theory to treat nephrology-induced diarrhea, and also provides a new idea and method for Traitional Chinese Medicine to treat nephrology-induced diarrhea.