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"Introversion"
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Psychological targeting as an effective approach to digital mass persuasion
People are exposed to persuasive communication across many different contexts: Governments, companies, and political parties use persuasive appeals to encourage people to eat healthier, purchase a particular product, or vote for a specific candidate. Laboratory studies show that such persuasive appeals are more effective in influencing behavior when they are tailored to individuals’ unique psychological characteristics. However, the investigation of large-scale psychological persuasion in the real world has been hindered by the questionnaire-based nature of psychological assessment. Recent research, however, shows that people’s psychological characteristics can be accurately predicted from their digital footprints, such as their Facebook Likes or Tweets. Capitalizing on this form of psychological assessment from digital footprints, we test the effects of psychological persuasion on people’s actual behavior in an ecologically valid setting. In three field experiments that reached over 3.5 million individuals with psychologically tailored advertising, we find that matching the content of persuasive appeals to individuals’ psychological characteristics significantly altered their behavior as measured by clicks and purchases. Persuasive appeals that were matched to people’s extraversion or openness-to-experience level resulted in up to 40% more clicks and up to 50% more purchases than their mismatching or unpersonalized counterparts. Our findings suggest that the application of psychological targeting makes it possible to influence the behavior of large groups of people by tailoring persuasive appeals to the psychological needs of the target audiences. We discuss both the potential benefits of this method for helping individuals make better decisions and the potential pitfalls related to manipulation and privacy.
Journal Article
Who enjoys solitude? autonomous functioning (but not introversion) predicts self-determined motivation (but not preference) for solitude
Within the solitude literature, two discrete constructs reflect different perspectives on how time spent alone is motivated.
Self-determined motivation for solitude
reflects wanting time alone to find enjoyment and gain meaningful benefits from it, whereas
preference for solitude
concerns wanting time for oneself over others’ company regardless of reasons for why time alone is wanted. We investigated two personality characteristics:
introversion
from Big-Five personality theory and
dispositional autonomy
from self-determination theory. In two diary studies university students completed personality measures and reported about their experiences with time spent alone over a period of seven days. Across both studies, contrary to popular belief that introverts spend time alone because they enjoy it, results showed no evidence that introversion is predictive of either preference or motivation for solitude. Dispositional autonomy–the tendency to regulate from a place of self-congruence, interest, and lack of pressure–consistently predicted self-determined motivation for solitude but was unrelated to preference for solitude. These findings provided evidence supporting the link between valuing time spent alone with individual differences in the capacity to self-regulate in choiceful and authentic way.
Journal Article
Is multidimensional space an illusion?
The quantum-phase-field concept of matter is revisited with special emphasis on the introverted view of space. Extroverted space surrounds physical objects, while introverted space lies in between physical objects. Space between objects leads to a network structure of matter: a network in which one-dimensional spaces connect individual particles.
Paper
Vocal Function in Introverts and Extraverts During a Psychological Stress Reactivity Protocol
Purpose: To examine the proposal that introversion predictably influences extralaryngeal and vocal behavior in vocally healthy individuals compared with individuals with extraversion and whether differences are of a nature that may support a risk hypothesis for primary muscle tension dysphonia. Method: Fifty-four vocally healthy female adults between the ages of 18 and 35 years were divided into 2 groups: introversion (n = 27) and extraversion (n = 27). All participants completed a psychological stress reactivity experiment. Before, during, and after the stressor (public speaking), participants were assessed on extralaryngeal muscle activity (surface electromyography: submental, infrahyoid; control site: tibialis anterior), perceived vocal effort, and vocal acoustics (fundamental frequency and intensity). Results: Participants in the introversion group exhibited significantly greater infrahyoid muscle activity throughout the protocol and during perceived stress than participants in the extraversion group. For both groups, perceived vocal effort significantly increased during stress, and acoustic measures significantly decreased. Infrahyoid muscle activity during the stress phase was significantly correlated with introversion and Voice Handicap Index scores but not with vocal effort scores. Conclusions: The data provided evidence of distinct differences in extralaryngeal behavior between introverts and extraverts. The findings are consistent with the trait theory of voice disorders (Roy & Bless, 2000).
Journal Article
The awakened introvert : practical mindfulness skills to help you maximize your strengths & thrive in a loud & crazy world
\"The Awakened Introvert \"shows readers how to tap into their introvert strengths and \"awaken\" their potential using mindfulness meditations and cognitive behavioral techniques. Introverts will also learn to minimize weaknesses--such as a tendency toward worry and rumination--and discover new skills for recharging in between social encounters.
Book
The Influence of Introversion and Extroversion Personality Traits
This study aims to examine the influence of personality traits, specifically introversion and extroversion, on the relationship between technostress, satisfaction, and performance expectancy of students. Data from 234 university students were collected and analyzed using the partial least square structural equation modeling approach. The findings reveal no significant difference between introverted and extroverted students in terms of techno-overload and techno-insecurity. However, a notable difference is observed in the context of techno-complexity, where introverted students are more affected by it compared with extroverted students. This could be attributed to introverted students who tend to face challenges alone and find it difficult to ask for help, whereas the extroverted ones are more inclined to ask for assistance when facing technological challenges. Consequently, it is recommended that instructors provide clear explanations on how to use learning technology applications before commencing lessons, aiming to alleviate techno-complexity issues among students. Despite being considered digital natives, the current generation still requires guidance on the use of learning technology. The provision of user-friendly applications is essential to ensure the effectiveness of learning technology for both personality types.
Journal Article