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Inuit kayaks are a hunting technology that requires a high degree of developed skill to operate. The practice involves special types of physical fitness, technical ability, social relationships and extensive environmental knowledge. Hunters must be able to work intuitively as a team, to recognize and react instantly to subtle environmental cues, and depend on instinctive physical capabilities that are committed to muscle memory. These requisite abilities can be developed only experientially. Kayak sports were a critical aspect of learning, and they provided simulative environments to practise and develop sub-sets of hunting skills. Through an examination of a weapon-throwing game, commonly represented at Arctic sites by stone features that are arranged to outline a kayak, this paper explores the didactic nature of sports and theorizes their value in the situated learning of skills for hunter-gatherer technologies.

The first novel written in Inuttitut syllabics, Sanaaq is an intimate story of an Inuit family negotiating the changes brought into their community by the coming of the qallunaat, the white people, in the mid-nineteenth century.

The revival of whaling in the Canadian Arctic in the 1990s is an important feature of the revival of modern Inuit culture. Inuit feel that the resumption of whaling connects them to their ancestors. In this article we explore traditional Inuit perceptions of whaling and their transformations in modern society. We suggest that especially the notion of the whole plays a central part in whaling. We explore connections between whaling and shamanism as well as the role of Christianity in modern whaling. We show that key elements of the modern Inuit whaling such as the collective sharing of the game and the joy and happiness expressed at the catch provide strong cultural continuities with the past. Modern Inuit bowhead hunting is embedded in a cosmological framework involving the whole community and connecting different communities to each other.

Grâce à une analyse minutieuse des données d'archives concernant deux villages groenlandais, cet article démontre l'inanité de l'opinion reçue voulant que la grande crise socio-économique de 1850-1880 ait été due au comportement immature de la population groenlandaise. Thanks to a detailed analysis of archival data pertaining to two Greenlandic communities, this article disproves the commonly held opinion that the great socioeconomic crisis of 1850-1880 was due to an immature behaviour on the part of the Greenlandic population.

This design was observed at Iglulik in northwest Foxe Basin in the 1820s by Captains Parry (1824:506) and Lyon (1824:321) being used for hunting caribou and sea mammals, i ncluding bowhead whales. Among the coastal \"Iglulik Inuit,\" sea hunting with harpoons, f loats, darts and killing lances predominated. This ethnological designation includes Iglulingmiu t around Foxe Basin, Tununirusirmiut of Admiralty Inlet, Tununirmiut of the Pond Inlet region and Aivilingmiut to the south by Roes Welcome Sound. To the south again, around Che sterfield Inlet towards Churchill, the Qairnirmiut, Hauniqtuurmiut, Ha'vaqtuurmiut and Paa llirmiut were also primarily coastal saltwater hunters until the last quarter of the 19th cent ury. These latter \"Caribou Inuit\" became mainly inlanders when commercial whaling supplied ammunit ion for firearms to enable them to get enough caribou in the difficult winter conditions to survive without sea mammals (Arima, 1975:219 - 220). In the same period the Iglulik Inu it had their kayaks supplanted by New England whaleboats, since after a season it was more pr ofitable to dispose of them as payment or in trade than to carry them back. As both whales and boats got used up by the end of the 19th century, kayaks were revived among the Iglulik Inuit but, mysteriously, in the different form of the wide, bi g - bowed east Canadian arctic design. This variant had a shallowly rounded multi - chine, rat her than a flat bottom, as if hybridized. While this form appears recent, the earlier Thule cul ture design might have been ancestral to the flat - bottomed east arctic kayak, as suggested by a couple of carved wood Thule models from northwest Baffin and Bathurst islands. These models are flattened at the very bottom amidships and are deeper forward. Their cutwaters are sharp, bu t that is a feature traceable back to Alaska. End horns are lacking, as in other prehistori c models including round bottomed Thule examples, perhaps being too fine to show. They are depicted , however, in engravings on ivory, bone and antler, as on the illustrated Thule image from Cape Dorset just 17 mm long with an exaggerated jogged stem horn (Canadian Museum of Civilization IV - C - 2256). This south Baffin find confirms that the Birnirk - Thule design existed well inside the historical east arctic kayak area. But it is premature to say that the Thule ka yak simply evolved into the latter, since the possibility of there having been a Dorset culture des ign as well has not been entirely eliminated. Whether or not the Dorset people had watercraft remai ns a fascinating question.

THE NEW GENERATION OF FLY-FISHING KAYAKS ARE THE ULTIMATE FISH-CATCHING MACHINES Kayaks were first developed by indigenous hunters of THE SUBARCTIC (INUIT, YUPIK, ALEUT) FDR THE INLAND LAKES, RIVERS, AND COASTAL WATERS OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN, BERING SEA, NORTH ATLANTIC, AND NORTH PACIFIC OCEANS. PICKING THE RIGHT BOAT Whether simply used to float to the prime spots or as highly mobile fishing platforms decked out with enough gear to make a bass boat blush, the new generation of fishing kayaks offer anglers a wide range of options to suit their needs, and accessories to customize their craft. A test drive offers you the opportunity to evaluate the big things such as whether the boat is designed for the type of water that you fish in the most, but also things that might at first seem inconsequential, but ultimately make all the difference in the world, to you-can you pick the boat up to put it on your car? If you plan to stand in your boat for casting and sight fishing, and this is one of the game changers in current kayak design, look for a beamy boat-every manufacturer has boats in their lineup with 33\" or greater width, and most can be fitted with lean bars for added stability while standing.

When Russians first reached the Aleutian Islands and the coast of Alaska in the 1700s, the waters were thick with small, swift, split-prowed boats to which the explorers gave the name \"baidarka.\" Made of driftwood, lashed with baleen fiber and covered with translucent sea-mammal skin, these craft were entirely creatures of the sea. The Aleuts paddled the lightweight, flexible kayaks at great speeds in the treacherous waters of the area, hunting whale, otter, sea lions, seals and other marine creatures with hand-launched darts, spears and harpoons. Over time, however, the design of the baidarka was altered to suit the newcomers' needs. Certain forms of the craft - including a narrow, open-jawed, high-speed version - ceased to exist. Because the tradition of building these kayaks was largely unrecorded, a host of unanswered questions have arisen for contemporary scholars, kayakers and Aleuts. Just how fast were early baidarkas? Why the forked bow and the oddly truncated stern? Did Aleutian hunters have an intuitive understanding of design principles that continue to elude engineers and mathematicians to this day? Although few ancient baidarkas survive, 200-year-old sketches as well as journals, oral histories and artifacts have enabled versions of these craft to be constructed today.