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Ecology of invertebrate diseases
A rapidly growing interdisciplinary field, disease ecology merges key ideas from ecology, medicine, genetics, immunology, and epidemiology to study how hosts and pathogens interact in populations, communities, and entire ecosystems.
eBook
Oxidative stress in vertebrates and invertebrates
This volume presents a unique comparative treatment of the role oxidative stress plays in vertebrates and invertebrates in multiple organ systems with regards to cell death, development, aging, and human diseases, and anti-oxidant therapy. It offers comprehensive reviews of the current understanding of oxidative stress-mediated physiology and pathology as well as directions for future research. It also provides current information on the role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer mediated by oxidative stress.
eBook
General Concepts in the Ecology of Invertebrate Diseases
This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book begins by presenting definitions as well as some of the basic concepts covered today in the ecology of invertebrate diseases. One of the primary reasons to study the ecology of invertebrate pathogens is to enhance their use as microbial biological control agents. Invertebrate pathogens can be used in microbial control applications to control terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate pests. The book focuses on infectious rather than noninfectious diseases, and discusses pathogens. It also discusses the major methods used for studies in the field of invertebrate ecology. The book further discusses the ecology of invertebrate diseases in the context of pathogens, hosts, abiotic environment, and biotic environment. These are all components of the disease triangle, and all must coordinate for a parasite to infect a host.
Book Chapter
Prevention of bug bites, stings, and disease
Venoms from scorpions, spiders, centipedes, ants, wasps, and bees can be very poisonous, or induce serious allergic reactions. Blood sucking mites, ticks, lice, bed bugs, kissing bugs, sand flies, biting midges, black flies, mosquitoes, snipe flies, horse flies, tsetse flies, stable flies, and fleas cause irritation. More seriously, some of them can leave behind pathogens that cause serious diseases. This volume presents the full spectrum of methods necessary for prevention of bites and stings from the worldwide variety of bloodsucking and venomous arthropods. The first step is identification of the problem by identifying the bug, knowing where the bug occurs, and deciding whether or not the problem is seriously connected to health problems. The next step is to build the bugs out of the personal environment of the home and its surrounding property. If those methods do not give complete relief, insecticides can sometimes provide the solution. Barriers like screens and doors can at least help when people are indoors. Outside, clothing can make a big difference, especially if repellents are applied to the cloth. The last resort for people exposed to bloodsucking bugs is to use repellents on the skin. This book provides information that will help in choosing the right repellent among the dozens of natural and synthetic products.
eBook
Development of evolutionary biomedicine as a novel direction of biological science
This review analyzes the data obtained for the last decade on invertebrate animals (insects, round worms, molluscs) as models of various human diseases. As illustration, there are considered advances in studying of the invertebrate system of insulin-like peptides and signaling mechanisms of their action--evolutionary conservative homologues of the mammalian insulin/IGF-1 system. Results are presented of studies on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster, and mollusks, which \"model\" individual aspects of some human diseases--diabetes, neurodegenerative dysfunction, carcinogenesis, as well as aging. A conclusion is made about the development of a new, synthetic direction combining evolutionary science and molecular biology and medicine, which we call evolutionary biomedicine. The roots of the appearance of this synthetic direction are to be searched for in L.A. Orbeli's evolutionary ideas, methods, and scientific predictions.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
The Host Population
This chapter presents an overview of the current knowledge of insect defenses against microbial infection and offers readers an insight into the multiple and complex ways by which insects defend themselves, allowing them success in exploiting diverse habitats where they come in contact with various microorganisms, some of which are potentially pathogenic. It summarizes the knowledge about how hosts influence their interactions with pathogens. Insects acquire pathogens via multiple ways. The most common route is via ingestion. Pathogens capable of breaching the cuticle or the insect midgut can gain access to other tissues and organs, as well as to the hemolymph in the hemocoel. In this situation, the host's innate immune system comes into action, providing defense against microbial infection. Immune priming is defined as enhanced protection against a pathogen following exposure to a sublethal dose of the same pathogen. This improved protection can occur within generations.
Book Chapter
Microbe-vector interactions in vector-borne diseases : Sixty-third Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology held at the University of Bath, March 2004
Several billion people are at daily risk of life threatening vector-borne diseases such as malaria, trypanosomiasis and dengue. This volume describes the way in which the causal pathogens of such diseases interact with the vectors that transmit them. It details the elegant biological adaptations that have enabled pathogens to live with their vectors and, in some circumstances, to control them. This knowledge has led to novel preventative strategies in the form of antibiotics and new vaccines which are targeted not at the pathogen itself but at its specific vector.
eBook
Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis : report of a WHO expert committee
This report contains the recommendations of a WHO Expert Committee convened to consider the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Although these infections remain major public health concerns in many parts of the world, particularly in the poorest developing countries, cost-effective solutions are both available and deliverable. The report reviews the burden of disease, its impact on both health and development, the substantial benefits of treatment, and the safety, efficacy and ease of administration of available anthelminthic drugs. Similarities in the populations at risk and in the tools required to combat the problems have prompted moves towards a combined approach to the control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Such an approach relies largely on epidemiological surveillance, health education, improvements in hygiene and sanitation, and - above all - regular treatment of high-risk groups, particularly school-age children. The report focuses on how these various elements can be achieved, emphasizing the potential of the school system for drug delivery and health education and the opportunities for integration of control activities with existing health programmes. It also stresses that the cost of recommended anthelminthic drugs has now fallen to a level at which it should no longer deter Member States from making treatment widely available in endemic areas. The recommendations of the Expert Committee provide clear and strategic guidance on the implementation of control measures and on ensuring their sustainability.
eBook
California Agricultural Research Priorities
The glassy-winged sharpshooter is one of the more recent invasive pests to afflict California agriculture. The insect transmits a bacterial pathogen that causes Pierce's disease, which has impaired production of wine, table, and raisin grapes in California. The report recommends strengthening the process and the priorities for research funded by state agencies and wine industry groups to address Pierce's disease and its vector. Research should be focused on identifying feasible options for controlling the spread of the disease and providing sustainable approaches that are adaptable and affordable over the long term. Several avenues of research be pursued more intensely including the genetic makeup of the pathogen that triggers Pierce's disease, understanding the mechanisms that make grapes resistant to the disease, the possibilities of introducing predator enemies to the sharpshooter, and new ways to manage the planting of crops to help avoid spread of the disease.
eBook