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"Involuntary sterilization"
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Fit to Be Tied
The 1960s revolutionized American contraceptive practice. Diaphragms, jellies, and condoms with high failure rates gave way to newer choices of the Pill, IUD, and sterilization.Fit to Be Tiedprovides a history of sterilization and what would prove to become, at once, socially divisive and a popular form of birth control.
During the first half of the twentieth century, sterilization (tubal ligation and vasectomy) was a tool of eugenics. Individuals who endorsed crude notions of biological determinism sought to control the reproductive decisions of women they considered \"unfit\" by nature of race or class, and used surgery to do so. Incorporating first-person narratives, court cases, and official records, Rebecca M. Kluchin examines the evolution of forced sterilization of poor women, especially women of color, in the second half of the century and contrasts it with demands for contraceptive sterilization made by white women and men. She chronicles public acceptance during an era of reproductive and sexual freedom, and the subsequent replacement of the eugenics movement with \"neo-eugenic\" standards that continued to influence American medical practice, family planning, public policy, and popular sentiment.
eBook
Necessary lies
In 1960 North Carolina, Ivy Hart is a fifteen-year-old girl whose family are tenants on a small tobacco farm. After her parents die, she is left with the overwhelming task of caring for several family members. Jane Forrester is Grace County's newest social worker, and she quickly becomes emotionally invested in her clients' lives, straining her personal and professional relationships. Jane's relationship with the Hart family tests her resolve to fight against racial tensions and state-mandated sterilizations.
Book
Fertile Matters
While the stereotype of the persistently pregnant Mexican-origin woman is longstanding, in the past fifteen years her reproduction has been targeted as a major social problem for the United States. Due to fear-fueled news reports and public perceptions about the changing composition of the nation's racial and ethnic makeup-the so-called Latinization of America-the reproduction of Mexican immigrant women has become a central theme in contemporary U. S. politics since the early 1990s.In this exploration, Elena R. Gutiérrez considers these public stereotypes of Mexican American and Mexican immigrant women as \"hyper-fertile baby machines\" who \"breed like rabbits.\" She draws on social constructionist perspectives to examine the historical and sociopolitical evolution of these racial ideologies, and the related beliefs that Mexican-origin families are unduly large and that Mexican American and Mexican immigrant women do not use birth control.Using the coercive sterilization of Mexican-origin women in Los Angeles as a case study, Gutiérrez opens a dialogue on the racial politics of reproduction, and how they have developed for women of Mexican origin in the United States. She illustrates how the ways we talk and think about reproduction are part of a system of racial domination that shapes social policy and affects individual women's lives.
eBook
Disproportionate Sterilization of Latinos Under California’s Eugenic Sterilization Program, 1920–1945
Objectives. To compare population-based sterilization rates between Latinas/os and non-Latinas/os sterilized under California’s eugenics law. Methods. We used data from 17 362 forms recommending institutionalized patients for sterilization between 1920 and 1945. We abstracted patient gender, age, and institution of residence into a data set. We extracted data on institution populations from US Census microdata from 1920, 1930, and 1940 and interpolated between census years. We used Spanish surnames to identify Latinas/os in the absence of data on race/ethnicity. We used Poisson regression with a random effect for each patient’s institution of residence to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and compare sterilization rates between Latinas/os and non-Latinas/os, stratifying on gender and adjusting for differences in age and year of sterilization. Results. Latino men were more likely to be sterilized than were non-Latino men (IRR = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15, 1.31), and Latina women experienced an even more disproportionate risk of sterilization relative to non-Latinas (IRR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.48, 1.70). Conclusions. Eugenic sterilization laws were disproportionately applied to Latina/o patients, particularly Latina women and girls. Understanding historical injustices in public health can inform contemporary public health practice.
Journal Article
Framing the moron
Many people are shocked upon discovering that tens of thousands of innocent persons in the United States were involuntarily sterilized, forced into institutions, and otherwise maltreated within the course of the eugenic movement (1900–30). Such social control efforts are easier to understand when we consider the variety of dehumanizing and fear-inducing rhetoric propagandists invoke to frame their potential victims. This book details the major rhetorical themes employed within the context of eugenic propaganda, drawing largely on original sources of the period. Early in the twentieth century the term “moron” was developed to describe the primary targets of eugenic control. This book demonstrates how the image of moronity in the United States was shaped by eugenicists. This book will be of interest not only to disability and eugenic scholars and historians, but to anyone who wants to explore the means by which pejorative metaphors are used to support social control efforts against vulnerable community groups.
eBook
Breeding Contempt
Most closely associated with the Nazis and World War II atrocities, eugenics is sometimes described as a government-orchestrated breeding program, other times as a pseudo-science, and often as the first step leading to genocide. Less frequently it is recognized as a movement having links to the United States. But eugenicsdoeshave a history in this country, and Mark A. Largent tells that story by exploring one of its most disturbing aspects, the compulsory sterilization of more than 64,000 Americans.The book begins in the mid-nineteenth century, when American medical doctors began advocating the sterilization of citizens they deemed degenerate. By the turn of the twentieth century, physicians, biologists, and social scientists championed the cause, and lawmakers in two-thirds of the United States enacted laws that required the sterilization of various criminals, mental health patients, epileptics, and syphilitics. The movement lasted well into the latter half of the century, and Largent shows how even today the sentiments that motivated coerced sterilization persist as certain public figures advocate compulsory birth control-such as progesterone shots for male criminals or female welfare recipients-based on the same assumptions and motivations that had brought about thousands of coerced sterilizations decades ago.
eBook
Sterilization in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE’s) Detention: Ethical Failures and Systemic Injustice
Project South has been collecting allegations and data from ICDC for many years through direct interviews; in 2017, it reported a long list of human rights violations, including lack of medical and mental health care, due process violations, and unsanitary living conditions.3 The recently filed complaint discusses the high rates of hysterectomies performed on detained patients and describes reports by numerous women who did not understand why they had received a hysterectomy. [...]deeper ethics concerns have surfaced more recently with reports that ICE has deported six women who contributed allegations to this complaint and notified at least seven others that the holds on their deportations had been lifted, making their deportation imminent.4 Ethical Concerns Ethical shortcomings in this context are not new, and medical ethics and reproductive justice concerns in immigration detention facilities have been documented for many years, including recently in this Journal by Messing et al.2 and Fleming and LeBrón.5 Building on these prior illustrations, we argue that this complaint is part of a pattern of documented medical injustice perpetuated by the Trump administration against vulnerable migrants that includes family separation, the prohibition of abortion for minors seeking asylum, and medical neglect of pregnant migrants, to name just a few.2 Informed Consent First, with respect to autonomy, the allegations described here fall drastically short of meaningful informed consent. Notably, the standards state that \"facilities shall provide appropriate interpretation and language services ... related to medical and mental health care,\" that \"detainees shall not be used for interpretation services during any medical or mental health service\" except in an emergency medical situation, and that medical staff are to explain the risks of treatment and ensure that any questions are answered.6 Indeed, one attorney who, in 2018, represented women seen by the doctor repeatedly referenced in the complaint reported that, for the two years she worked with detainees at ICDC, there was only one facility employee fluent in Spanish, indicating that perhaps meaningful language services were not accessible.
Journal Article
STERILIZED in the Name of Public Health: Race, Immigration, and Reproductive Control in Modern California
In exploring the history of involuntary sterilization in California, I connect the approximately 20 000 operations performed on patients in state institutions between 1909 and 1979 to the federally funded procedures carried out at a Los Angeles County hospital in the early 1970s. Highlighting the confluence of factors that facilitated widespread sterilization abuse in the early 1970s, I trace prosterilization arguments predicated on the protection of public health. This historical overview raises important questions about the legacy of eugenics in contemporary California and relates the past to recent developments in health care delivery and genetic screening.
Journal Article
A century of eugenics in America : from the Indiana experiment to the human genome era
In 1907, Indiana passed the world's first involuntary sterilization law
based on the theory of eugenics. In time, more than 30 states and a dozen foreign
countries followed suit. Although the Indiana statute was later declared
unconstitutional, other laws restricting immigration and regulating marriage on
eugenic grounds were still in effect in the U.S. as late as the 1970s. A
Century of Eugenics in America assesses the history of eugenics in the United States
and its status in the age of the Human Genome Project. The essays explore the early
support of compulsory sterilization by doctors and legislators; the implementation
of eugenic schemes in Indiana, Georgia, California, Minnesota, North Carolina, and
Alabama; the legal and social challenges to sterilization; and the prospects for a
eugenics movement basing its claims on modern genetic science.
eBook