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Recent Advance in Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Electrolytes for Rechargeable Metal‐Ion Batteries
From basic research to industry process, battery energy storage systems have played a great role in the informatization, mobility, and intellectualization of modern human society. Some potential systems such as Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, and Al secondary batteries have attracted much attention to maintain social progress and sustainable development. As one of the components in batteries, electrolytes play an important role in the upgrade and breakthrough of battery technology. Since room‐temperature ionic liquids (ILs) feature high conductivity, nonflammability, nonvolatility, high thermal stability, and wide electrochemical window, they have been widely applied in various battery systems and show great potential in improving battery stability, kinetics performance, energy density, service life, and safety. Thus, it is a right time to summarize these progresses. In this review, the composition and classification of various ILs and their recent applications as electrolytes in diverse metal‐ion batteries (Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al) are outlined to enhance the battery performances. This manuscript reviews the classification of ionic liquids, and their potential application as electrolytes in metal‐ion batteries (Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al). Their merits of nonflammable property, thermal stability, and high safety suggest that they could be a promising solution to realize high safety and high energy density for next generational battery systems.
Journal Article
Hydrogen
\"Hydrogen is the most widespread element and one of the building blocks of life. First appearing when the Big Bang created the universe, hydrogen is now part of human technologies that could change the future. People have used liquid hydrogen to send astronauts into space and hydrogen gas to drive families to the store. In this informative text, we'll explore the first element in the periodic table, looking at its properties and finding its hiding places. From our bodies to the Sun, hydrogen is everywhere!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The g factor of highly charged ions
Recent years have witnessed a remarkable improvement in the theoretical description of bound-electron g factors, paralleled with a quantum jump in the experimental accuracy in the investigation of these quantities. In the present article we give a brief summary of the latest developments, with emphasis on the influence of quantum electrodynamic and nuclear effects on the g factor of few-electron highly charged ions, and on the possible determination of fundamental constants.
Journal Article
Physics with trapped charged particles : lectures from the Les Houches Winter School
Articles on Physics with Trapped Charged Particles by speakers at the Winter School on Physics with Trapped Charged Particles hosted by the École de Physicque des Houches in January 2012. The articles cover all types of physics with charged particles, and are aimed at introducing the basic issues at hand, as well as the latest developments in the field. It is appropriate for PhD students and early career researchers, or interested parties new to the area.
Book
Major ion chemistry, catchment weathering and water quality of Renuka Lake, north-west Himalaya, India
The water samples collected from Renuka Lake during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were analyzed to know water quality related to major ion chemistry and other essential parameters. The water is found to be slightly alkaline having pH value 7.22–8.66. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are observed as the dominant cations, whereas SO42− and HCO3− are dominant anions during all seasons. The Piper plot has shown Ca2+–HCO3− type of water during pre- to post-monsoon seasons. Alkaline earth metals (Ca2+ and Mg2+) are noticed to exceed over alkali metals (Na+ and K+), and weak acid (HCO3−) surpass over strong acid (SO42−) in all seasons. The carbonate weathering of surrounding rocks is found to be the dominant source of major ions for the lake during pre- to post-monsoon. The WQI values 176.45–184.91 from monsoon to pre-monsoon have revealed that the water of Renuka Lake is unsuitable for drinking. The higher value of WQI is mainly due to increased concentration of F−, which is produced from the fluorapatite, cryolite and mica etc., and anthropogenic activities. Its concentration more than standard permissible limit may be very harmful for human being and aquatic species. However, based on sodium per cent (11.88–15.62%), sodium adsorption ratio (0.48–0.61) and residual sodium carbonate (< 2.5 meq/L), the water quality is determined fit for irrigation. The lake has indicated seasonal variations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and HCO3−, etc., which may be due to changing temperature, monsoon rain and human activities. Thus, stringent mitigation measures are required to reduce increased concentration of various physiochemical parameters and preservation of the Renuka Lake.
Journal Article
Structural basis for Na+ transport mechanism by a light-driven Na+ pump
Krokinobacter eikastus
rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is the first light-driven Na
+
pump discovered, and is viewed as a potential next-generation optogenetics tool. Since the positively charged Schiff base proton, located within the ion-conducting pathway of all light-driven ion pumps, was thought to prohibit the transport of a non-proton cation, the discovery of KR2 raised the question of how it achieves Na
+
transport. Here we present crystal structures of KR2 under neutral and acidic conditions, which represent the resting and M-like intermediate states, respectively. Structural and spectroscopic analyses revealed the gating mechanism, whereby the flipping of Asp116 sequesters the Schiff base proton from the conducting pathway to facilitate Na
+
transport. Together with the structure-based engineering of the first light-driven K
+
pumps, electrophysiological assays in mammalian neurons and behavioural assays in a nematode, our studies reveal the molecular basis for light-driven non-proton cation pumps and thus provide a framework that may advance the development of next-generation optogenetics.
KR2 light-driven Na
+
pump structure
Known microbial rhodopsins were classified into two groups, either outward proton pumps or inward chloride pumps, until the recent discovery of a light-driven Na
+
-pumping rhodopsin from the marine bacterium
Krokinobacter eikastus
. This novel protein, termed KR2, is attracting attention as a potential tool for use in optogenetics: its activation would change the sodium concentration of a targeted cell, not just the pH or chloride concentration. Now Osamu Nureki and colleagues have solved two X-ray crystal structures of KR2 and they use them to propose a working model for Na
+
transport. Based on these structures the authors have designed several mutants of KR2 and successfully engineered a K
+
-transporting pump.
Journal Article
diaPASEF: parallel accumulation–serial fragmentation combined with data-independent acquisition
Data-independent acquisition modes isolate and concurrently fragment populations of different precursors by cycling through segments of a predefined precursor
m/z
range. Although these selection windows collectively cover the entire
m/z
range, overall, only a few per cent of all incoming ions are isolated for mass analysis. Here, we make use of the correlation of molecular weight and ion mobility in a trapped ion mobility device (timsTOF Pro) to devise a scan mode that samples up to 100% of the peptide precursor ion current in
m/z
and mobility windows. We extend an established targeted data extraction workflow by inclusion of the ion mobility dimension for both signal extraction and scoring and thereby increase the specificity for precursor identification. Data acquired from whole proteome digests and mixed organism samples demonstrate deep proteome coverage and a high degree of reproducibility as well as quantitative accuracy, even from 10 ng sample amounts.
diaPASEF makes use of the correlation between the ion mobility and the
m
/
z
of peptides to trap and release precursor ions in a TIMS-TOF mass spectrometer for an almost complete sampling of the precursor ion beam with data-independent acquisition.
Journal Article