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Ash fall layers and vitroclastic-carrying sediments distributed throughout the entire Permian stratigraphic range of the Parana Basin (Brazil and Uruguay) occur in the Tubarao Supergroup (Rio Bonito Formation) and the Passa Dois Group (Irati, Estrada Nova/Teresina, Corumbatai, and Rio do Rasto Formations), which constitute the Gondwana 1 Supersequence. U-Pb zircon ages, acquired by SHRIMP and isotope-dissolution thermal ionization mass spectrometer (ID-TIMS) from tuffs within the Mangrullo and Yaguari Formations of Uruguay, are compatible with a correlation with the Irati and parts of the Teresina and Rio do Rasto Formations, respectively, of Brazil. U-Pb zircon ages suggest maximum depositional ages for the samples: (1) Rio Bonito Formation: ages ranging from 295.8±3.1 to 304.0±5.6 Ma (Asselian, lowermost Permian), consistent with the age range of the Protohaploxypinus goraiensis subzone; (2) Irati Formation: ages ranging from 279.9±4.8 to 280.0±3.0 Ma (Artinskian, Middle Permian), consistent with the occurrence of species of the Lueckisporites virkkiae zone; (3) Rio do Rasto Formation: ages ranging from 266.7±5.4 to 274.6±6.3 Ma (Wordian to Roadian, Middle Permian). All the SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages are consistent with their superimposition order in the stratigraphy, the latest revisions to the Permian timescale (International Commission of Stratigraphy, 2018 version), and the most recent appraisals of biostratigraphic data. The ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon ages from the Corumbatai Formation suggest that U-Pb ages may be >10% younger than interpreted biostratigraphic ages.

Gamma-ray spectrometry is a useful technique that allows measuring the natural radiation emitted by K (40K) and radionuclides belonging to the decay series of 238U (eU = 226Ra = 214Bi) and 232Th (eTh = 228Th = 208Tl) present in rock samples. Its evaluation is especially important for sedimentary rocks like those found at Irati Formation, Paraná Sedimentary Basin (PSB), Brazil, due to the possibility of finding stratigraphic marks associated with strong abrupt variations in the radioactivity levels during the surveys of sediment profiles. However, among the processes involved when gamma rays interact with matter, the Compton scattering is significant as it leaves its “signature” in gamma spectra recorded by different experimental arrangements, chiefly those utilizing scintillation detectors such as the NaI(Tl). This study describes the use of established stripping factor (RC) models and multiple linear regression (RLM) analysis to correct Compton interference in gamma-ray spectra to improve the calibration steps of a portable NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometer installed at LARIN-Ionizing Radiations Laboratory, UNESPETRO-IGCE-UNESP, Rio Claro (SP), Brazil. Afterwards, radiometric data in 111 rock samples from Irati Formation, São Paulo State, Brazil, were obtained, allowing determine gamma interference factors within the spectral windows of natural radionuclides [K(40K), eU(214Bi), and eTh(208Tl)]. The statistical frequency distribution of the radioelement concentration data, considering the RLM approach, defined 11 classes whose range corresponded to 0–21.66% for K, 4.29–131.74 ppm for eU, and 12.01–388.46 ppm for eTh. Violin plots indicated that the data are normally distributed with one mode value and different shapes. For K, the highest difference was found for values obtained by a previous survey conducted in 2021, compared to those utilizing the methods RC and RLM. For eU and eTh data, the highest difference was verified for data obtained by the method RC relative to other approaches. The variation in the residues did not differ significantly for K among the three methods, whereas lesser variation was found between the RC and RLM methods for eU and eTh. Therefore, these findings allowed evaluating the influence of the Compton scattering on the monitoring realized, contributing to improving the accuracy and comprehension of gamma spectrometric data that are extensively used in geophysical surveys.

The paper focuses on new verbal formations in Slovene coined from borrowed nouns ending in -ing with the Slovenian morpheme -irati (e.g. šoping-irati) on the basis of analogous phonological and semantic structures in the language, and examines their spread in the sphere of informal language use. The word-­formational potential of such verbs is further examined with the basic categories of cognitive grammar, such as morphemic transparency, schematicity of the word-­formational pattern and the established status of the phonemic sequence *ingira* in the previously existing lexical units of the Slovene language.