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Irish and Scottish Encounters with Indigenous Peoples
The expansion of the British Empire during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the greatest mass migration in human history, in which the Irish and Scots played a central, complex, and controversial role. The essays in this volume explore the diverse encounters Irish and Scottish migrants had with Indigenous peoples in North America and Australasia. The Irish and Scots were among the most active and enthusiastic participants in what one contributor describes as \"the greatest single period of land theft, cultural pillage, and casual genocide in world history.\" At the same time, some settlers attempted to understand Indigenous society rather than destroy it, while others incorporated a romanticized view of Natives into a radical critique of European society, and others still empathized with Natives as fellow victims of imperialism. These essays investigate the extent to which the condition of being Irish and Scottish affected settlers' attitudes to Indigenous peoples, and examine the political, social, religious, cultural, and economic dimensions of their interactions. Presenting a variety of viewpoints, the editors reach the provocative conclusion that the Scottish and Irish origins of settlers were less important in determining attitudes and behaviour than were the specific circumstances in which those settlers found themselves at different times and places in North America, Australia and New Zealand. Contributors include J. M. Bumsted (Manitoba), Edward J. Cowan (Glasgow), George Dalgleish (National Museums of Scotland), Marjory Harper (Aberdeen), H.P. Klepak (Royal Military College of Canada), Gillian I. Leitch (Montréal), Roderick MacLeod (McGill), Douglas McCalla (Guelph), Heather McNabb (McCord Museum of Canadian History), Irena Murray (Royal Institute of British Architects), Jock Murray (Dalhousie), Cath Oberholtzer (Trent University), Eileen Stack (McCord Museum of Canadian History), René Villeneuve (National Gallery of Canada), and Suzanne Zeller (Wilfrid Laurier).
eBook
If the Irish Ran the World
Montserrat, although part of England's empire, was settled largely by the Irish and provides an opportunity to view the interaction of Irish emigrants with English imperialism in a situation where the Irish were not a small minority among white settlers. Within this context Akenson explores whether Irish imperialism on Montserrat differed from English imperialism in other colonies. Akenson reveals that the Irish proved to be as effective and as unfeeling colonists as the English and the Scottish, despite the long history of oppression in Ireland. He debunks the myth of the \"nice\" slave holder and the view that indentured labour prevailed in the West Indies in the seventeenth century. He also shows that the long-held habit of ignoring ethnic strife within the white ruling classes in the West Indies is misconceived. If the Irish Ran the World provides interesting insights into whether ethnicity was central to the making of the colonial world and the usefulness of studies of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English imperialism in the Americas. It will be the basis of the Joanne Goodman Lectures at the University of Western Ontario in 1997.
eBook
Ireland in the Virginian Sea
In the late sixteenth century, the English started expanding westward, establishing control over parts of neighboring Ireland as well as exploring and later colonizing distant North America. Audrey Horning deftly examines the relationship between British colonization efforts in both locales, depicting their close interconnection as fields for colonial experimentation. Focusing on the Ulster Plantation in the north of Ireland and the Jamestown settlement in the Chesapeake, she challenges the notion that Ireland merely served as a testing ground for British expansion into North America. Horning instead analyzes the people, financial networks, and information that circulated through and connected English plantations on either side of the Atlantic.In addition, Horning explores English colonialism from the perspective of the Gaelic Irish and Algonquian societies and traces the political and material impact of contact. The focus on the material culture of both locales yields a textured specificity to the complex relationships between natives and newcomers while exposing the lack of a determining vision or organization in early English colonial projects.
eBook
Mesograzer interactions with a unique strain of Irish moss Chondrus crispus
Marine macroalgae are exposed to multiple sources of stress. As a result, perennial macroalga habitats have become depleted in many coastlines. Here, we investigated the role of mesograzers in the sharp decline of a unique strain of Chondrus crispus (the giant Irish moss) found solely in a lagoon in Atlantic Canada. This study was prompted by damage resembling grazing scars that appeared on the fronds as the population declined, for which no grazer had been identified. We identified potential grazers of the seaweed by deploying 4 types of experimental clumps of giant Irish moss and sampling the epifauna that colonized them. Laboratory assays were then run with an abundant species, the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus, to measure feeding rates and test whether this mesograzer is capable of consuming the alga and creating measurable damage. G. oceanicus readily consumed the Irish moss at a grazing rate of 5.24 mg amphipod−1 d−1 and created deep lateral grazing wounds similar to those observed in the field. An additional experiment was conducted to assess whether a co-acting stressor in the lagoon, the accumulation of fine sediments, could explain the appearance and spatially patchy distribution of the damage in the population. Giant Irish moss fronds that had been buried under sediment lost twice as much biomass as those that had not. These results suggest that grazer activity and declining conditions in the lagoon have a negative and additive effect on this unique strain of Irish moss, with clear implications for its restoration.
Journal Article
A modified and enriched theory of language policy (and management)
Earlier, I proposed that language policy could usefully be analyzed as consisting of three independent but interconnected components, language practices, language beliefs or ideologies, and language management. It was also argued that failure to recognize that language policy can exist in other domains and at other levels than the nation-state, ranging from the family to international organizations was one of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of state planning efforts. From looking at a number of cases, some modifications are now suggested. First, within management, is to note the distinction between advocates (without power) and managers. Second, is to add the level of the individual, noting the importance of self-management, attempts to expand personal repertoires to enhance communication and employability. Finally, it is pointed out that even when this leads to a workable language policy, it may be blocked or hampered by non-linguistic forces such as genocide, conquest, colonization, introduced diseases, slavery, corruption and natural disasters.
Journal Article
Irish-American Anti-Imperialism in Patrick Ford’s The Criminal History of the British Empire
In 1881, Patrick Ford, the Irish-American nationalist editor of the New York Irish newspaper The Irish World and American Industrial Liberator, published The criminal history of the British empire, a collection of five letters that he had written to William Gladstone. In The criminal history, Ford constructed a comprehensive account of British imperial history, beginning with England’s conquest of Ireland, before detailing the colonization of North America, Britain’s participation in the transatlantic slave trade, the American Revolution, British rule in India, the opium wars, and Britain’s contemporary colonization of Africa. This article contributes to scholarship on American views of the British empire in the post-bellum United States. In exploring how Ford constructed a Manichean interpretation of world history, where the British imperial project devastated every region it invaded, the article analyses Ford’s reasons for writing and publishing the letters that formed The criminal history. Finally, the article shows that Ford’s central purpose was to foster a visceral hatred of the British empire among his Irish-American readership, to maintain a commitment to their ethnic heritage as proud Irish people, and to encourage his readers that a better future would soon arrive, when the British empire was finally a relic of the past.
Journal Article
WALLS, PATHS, GARDENS, AND A GRAVEDIGGERS’ PUB
Anderson reflects on the significance of walls and paths in Christianity and the tension between rootedness and movement. He also discusses the history of walls and paths in Ireland, the colonization of Indigenous lands, and the importance of land and hospitality. Furthermore, he shares his final walk to Glasnevin Cemetery and his experience at a pub built into the wall of the cemetery.
Journal Article
Looking for diversity in all the right places? Genetic diversity is highest in peripheral populations of the reef-building polychaete Sabellaria alveolata
Species distributions have been profoundly affected by past climate change, and are expected to change considerably in response to future environmental change. To better apprehend how future climate change is likely to affect genetic diversity in marine populations, it is essential to first evaluate the processes that have shaped the current distribution of genetic diversity in the sea. The honeycomb worm is a reef-building polychaete that hosts high biodiversity. Here we show that the genetic diversity in populations of S. alveolata is highest towards the edges of the current species range and lowest at its center. Pleistocene glacial cycles likely led to extirpations of S. alveolata from central populations in the Bay of Biscay, with coalescent-based estimates of post-glacial colonization dating to the beginning of the Holocene interglacial, from 10,000 to 14,000 years ago. Meanwhile, populations in the Irish Sea and English Channel likely persisted in glacial refugia since the Eemian interglacial, 120,000 years ago. Northern populations host at least two sets of divergent haplotypes, indicating that two refugia possibly existed in the north, with Ireland being a likely second refugium. Within biogeographic regions, populations were overall well-connected, but strong genetic differentiation suggests that little exchange occurs between regions. These two unexpected reservoirs of genetic diversity at the range edges deserve greater attention as warming temperatures threaten trailing edge populations, while greater climatic variability threatens leading edge populations.
Journal Article
The 'mere Irish' and the colonisation of Ulster, 1570-1641
This book examines the native Irish experience of conquest and colonisation in Ulster in the first decades of the seventeenth century. Central to this argument is that the Ulster plantation bears more comparisons to European expansion throughout the Atlantic than (as some historians have argued) the early-modern state's consolidation of control over its peripheral territories. Farrell also demonstrates that plantation Ulster did not see any significant attempt to transform the Irish culturally or economically in these years, notwithstanding the rhetoric of a 'civilising mission'. Challenging recent scholarship on the integrative aspects of plantation society, he argues that this emphasis obscures the antagonism which characterised relations between native and newcomer until the eve of the 1641 rising. This book is of interest not only to students of early-modern Ireland but is also a valuable contribution to the burgeoning field of Atlantic history and indeed colonial studies in general.
eBook