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"Irrigation engineering"
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Handbook of irrigation hydrology and management
\"The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The book addresses the best practices for various types of irrigation methods including pressure, smart, surface and subsurface, and presents solutions for water scarcity and soil salinity in irrigation\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Driplines Layout Designs Comparison of Moisture Distribution in Clayey Soils, Using Soil Analysis, Calibrated Time Domain Reflectometry Sensors, and Precision Agriculture Geostatistical Imaging for Environmental Irrigation Engineering
The present study implements novel innovative geostatistical imaging using precision agriculture (PA) under sugarbeet field conditions. Two driplines layout designs (d.l.d.) and soil water content (SWC)–irrigation treatments (A: d.l.d. = 1.00 m driplines spacing × 0.50 m emitters inline spacing; B: d.l.d. = 1.50 m driplines spacing × 0.50 m emitters inline spacing) were applied, with two subfactors of clay loam and clay soils (laboratory soil analysis) for modeling (evaluation of seven models) TDR multi-sensor network measurements. Different sensor calibration methods [method 1(M1) = according to factory; method 2 (M2) = according to Hook and Livingston] were applied for the geospatial two-dimensional (2D) imaging of accurate GIS maps of rootzone soil moisture profiles, soil apparent dielectric Ka profiles, and granular and hydraulic parameters profiles, in multiple soil layers (0–75 cm depth). The modeling results revealed that the best-fitted geostatistical model for soil apparent dielectric Ka was the Gaussian model, while spherical and exponential models were identified to be the most appropriate for kriging modelling, and spatial and temporal imaging was used for accurate profile SWC θvTDR (m3·m−3) M1 and M2 maps using TDR sensors. The resulting PA profile map images depict the spatio-temporal soil water and apparent dielectric Ka variability at very high resolutions on a centimeter scale. The best geostatistical validation measures for the PA profile SWC θvTDR maps obtained were MPE = −0.00248 (m3·m−3), RMSE = 0.0395 (m3·m−3), MSPE = −0.0288, RMSSE = 2.5424, ASE = 0.0433, Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency NSE = 0.6229, and MSDR = 0.9937. Based on the results, we recommend d.l.d. A and sensor calibration method 2 for the geospatial 2D imaging of PA GIS maps because these were found to be more accurate, with the lowest statistical and geostatistical errors, and the best validation measures for accurate profile SWC imaging were obtained for clay loam over clay soils. Visualizing sensors’ soil moisture results via geostatistical maps of rootzone profiles have practical implications that assist farmers and scientists in making informed, better and timely environmental irrigation engineering decisions, to save irrigation water, increase water use efficiency and crop production, optimize energy, reduce crop costs, and manage water resources sustainably.
Journal Article
Diseño de Estructuras Hidráulicas
Cuando se lleva a cabo un proyecto de riego o drenaje en carreteras, ademas del canal de conduccion se requiere una serie de estructuras u obras hidraulicas, las cuales son indispensables para que el sistema de riego o drenaje cumpla con su cometido. En esta publicacion se explican diversos conocimientos tecnologicos acerca del diseno de estructuras hidraulicas. Para cada una de ellas se presenta un resumen de su estructura; luego se indica el proceso para obtener el diseno hidraulico, se muestra el conjunto de ecuaciones necesarias para su calculo y se realiza un ejemplo de aplicacion, en el cual se aplican las ecuaciones y el proceso de calculo indicado. Tambien se incluyen problemas. Cada uno de los capitulos hace referencia a un aspecto distinto: diseno de una transicion (capitulo 1), formulas para determinar las perdidas por infiltracion en canales, tanto en tierra, como revestidos (capitulo 2), diseno de una caida (capitulo 3), diseno de una rapida (capitulo 4), diseno de un vertedero lateral (capitulo 5), diseno de un desarenador (capitulo 6), diseno de un puente canal (capitulo 7), diseno de un sifon invertido (capitulo 8), diseno de una alcantarilla (capitulo 9), diseno de una toma lateral (capitulo 10). Finalmente se incluye un anexo relacionado con el uso del GeoGebra, para resolver las ecuaciones de grado n. Como apendice, se muestra un resumen de las ecuaciones hidraulicas que se utilizan en la publicacion.
eBook
Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering
The book \"Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering\" deals with the fundamental and general aspects of irrigation and water resources engineering and includes recent developments in hydraulic engineering related to irrigation and water resources engineering. Significant inclusions in the book are a chapter on management (including operation, maintenance, and evaluation) of canal irrigation in India, detailed environmental aspects for water resource projects, a note on interlinking of rivers in India, and design problems of hydraulic structures such as guide bunds, settling basins etc.
eBook
Impact of irrigated agriculture on groundwater-recharge salinity: a major sustainability concern in semi-arid regions
Intensive irrigated agriculture substantially modifies the hydrological cycle and often has major environmental impacts. The article focuses upon a specific concern—the tendency for progressive long-term increases in the salinity of groundwater recharge derived from irrigated permeable soils and replenishment of unconfined aquifers in more arid regions. This process has received only scant attention in the water-resource literature and has not been considered by agricultural science. This work makes an original contribution by analysing, from scientific principles, how the salinisation of groundwater recharge arises and identifies the factors affecting its severity. If not proactively managed, the process eventually will impact irrigation waterwell salinity, the productivity of agriculture itself, and can even lead to land abandonment. The types of management measure required for mitigation are discussed through three detailed case histories of areas with high-value groundwater-irrigated agriculture (in Spain, Argentina and Pakistan), which provide a long-term perspective on the evolution of the problem over various decades.
Journal Article
Analytical derivation of optimal irrigation water depth for efficient irrigation scheduling
Optimal irrigation water depth is a crucial parameter in irrigation engineering, often referred to as root zone depth. It is typically assumed to lie between 1 and 1.5 m below the ground surface, depending on the crop and soil types as well as the practitioner’s skill and experience. This approach can lead to inefficient irrigation scheduling. Coupling Richards’ equation with the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) concept and using the three-phase diagram of soil column widely used in geotechnical engineering, this paper suggests an analytical expression for optimal irrigation water depth providing the maximum storage capacity of a soil depending on its hydraulic/storage properties. The results for winter wheat crop in different hydrologic soil groups show that the use of the proposed concept can lead to savings of 71.79% and 57.69% of irrigation water in sandy soils (HSG-A) compared to that used in traditional irrigation considering lump-sum 1.5 m and 1 m optimal irrigation water depths, respectively. In the case of silty loam soils (HSG-C), these savings can assume 52.42% and 28.62%, respectively. The proposed relation can also be of great help in volumetric assessment of field capacity, moisture content, maximum water storage capacity (of different agricultural soils), and avoiding the issue of waterlogging that may arise from over-irrigation and thus is useful in efficient irrigation scheduling as well as in sustainable agricultural water management.
Journal Article
Numerical simulation and experimental validation of soil moisture infiltration patterns under underground porous membranes
In agricultural irrigation engineering, deep leakage is a key factor that significantly reduces the utilization efficiency of irrigation water. Underground installation of porous membranes, as a novel active regulation technology, can effectively reduce deep leakage losses of water in the soil through its physical barrier effect. However, the current understanding of the infiltration patterns of underground porous membranes remains inadequate, limiting the promotion and application of this technology. Therefore, this study integrates a methodology that combines numerical simulations with experimental validations. Using a non-membrane treatment as a control (CK), this study investigated the soil water infiltration of underground porous membranes under various combinations of saturated hydraulic conductivity (К), porous membrane diameter (D), burial depth (H), and spacing (5). The results indicated that under the four types of acolian sandy soil conditions, underground installation of porous membranes had a significant impact on soil infiltration characteristics, exhibiting an infiltration-reducing effect. Upon entering the steady infiltration stage, the minimum reduction in the infiltration rate for the various porous membrane treatments was 2.86 times that of the CK treatment. At a specific irrigation time (7), the steady infiltration rate (1) and cumulative infiltration (7) of soil increased with increasing K,, D, H, and S. There was a strong power function relationship between 1, and the four factors (R·=0.997), with a coefficient of 0.209, and exponents of 1.14, 1.04, 0.48, and 0.30, respectively. Furthermore, based on the Kostiakov infiltration model and comprehensively considering K,, D, H, S, and 1, an estimation model for cumulative infiltration of underground porous membranes was developed. The reliability of the estimation model was assessed using experimental data, with the root mean square error approaching O and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient close to 1, indicating the good predictive performance of the model. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for the operation and management of underground porous membrane irrigation projects.
Journal Article
Integrating Solar Radiation Dynamics into Irrigation System Design: An Asymmetric-Sector Approach for Mediterranean Orchards
The adoption of photovoltaic (PV) energy in irrigation is rapidly increasing, supported by a range of available technologies. However, an agronomic perspective that could help overcome inherent limitations of PV systems remains absent. In fact, current irrigation design methods do not explicitly take into account the dynamic nature of PV power generation. While irrigation engineering conceptualises soil as a reservoir for plant-available water, it can also function as an energy reservoir, storing solar-derived energy in the form of soil moisture for subsequent crop use. Building on this concept, this study proposes an integrated framework for designing off-grid PV irrigation systems based on asymmetric irrigation sectors. The framework couples hydrological, agronomic, and energy components to synchronise solar energy generation with crop water requirements, thereby eliminating the need for intermediate energy storage. The methodology was applied to two case studies: a hedgerow olive orchard and an almond orchard in southern Portugal, both with drip irrigation. Results demonstrate that the asymmetric-sector design provides a technically feasible and low-complexity solution for integrating photovoltaic energy into irrigation systems. The conventional irrigation system required 1.42 kW of minimum pumping power for olive orchards and 1.32 kW for almond orchards. The dimensions of the main lines ranged from 97.8 mm for olive and 75 mm for almond orchards, while the flow rate of the emitter was 2.3 L h−1 for olive and 3 L h−1 for almond orchards. Although PV-compatible operation required hydraulic adjustments including increases in design flow rate (226–255%), pump power demand (87.5–241%), and pipe diameters (up to 120% in olive and 75% in almond), these adaptations enable irrigation systems to operate under the variability inherent to solar-based energy supply. This hydraulic oversizing leads to higher initial investment costs; however, this can be mitigated to a certain extent by diminished operating costs and complete energy autonomy from the electricity grid.
Journal Article