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"Island Ecology"
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Mediterranean Islands, Fragile Communities and Persistent Landscapes
Mediterranean landscape ecology, island cultures and long-term human history have all emerged as major research agendas over the past half-century, engaging large swathes of the social and natural sciences. This book brings these traditions together in considering Antikythera, a tiny island perched on the edge of the Aegean and Ionian seas, over the full course of its human history. Small islands are particularly interesting because their human, plant and animal populations often experience abrupt demographic changes, including periods of near-complete abandonment and recolonization, and Antikythera proves to be one of the best-documented examples of these shifts over time. Small islands also play eccentric but revealing roles in wider social, economic and political networks, serving as places for refugees, hunters, modern eco-tourists, political exiles, hermits and pirates. Antikythera is a rare case of an island that has been investigated in its entirety from several systematic fieldwork and disciplinary perspectives, not least of which is an intensive archaeological survey. The authors use the resulting evidence to offer a unique vantage on settlement and land use histories.
eBook
Coming to Pass
Coming to Passtells the story of a little-developed necklace of northern Gulf Coast islands. Both a field guide to a beloved and impermanent Florida landscape and a call for its protection, Susan Cerulean's memoir chronicles the uniquely beautiful coast as it once was, as it is now, and as it may be as the sea level rises.
For decades, Cerulean has kayaked, hiked, and counted birds on and around Dog, the St. Georges, and St. Vincent Islands with family and friends. She has collected scallops, snorkeled over a fallen lighthouse a mile offshore, and cast nets and fishing lines into cyclical runs of mullet and shrimp.
Like most people, she didn't know how the islands had come to be or understand the large-scale change coming to the coast. With her husband, oceanographer Jeff Chanton, she studied the genesis of the coast and its inextricable link to the Apalachicola River. She interviewed scientists as they tracked and tallied magnificent and dwindling sea turtles, snowy white beach mice, and endangered plants. Illustrated with images from prizewinning nature photographer David Moynahan,Coming to Passis the culmination of Cerulean's explorations and a reflection of our spiritual relationship and responsibilities to the world that holds us.
eBook
Linking vegetation change, carbon sequestration and biodiversity: insights from island ecosystems in a long‐term natural experiment
1. Despite recent interest in linkages between above‐ and below‐ground communities and their consequences for ecosystem processes, much remains unknown about their responses to long‐term ecosystem change. We synthesize multiple lines of evidence from a long‐term ‘natural experiment’ to illustrate how ecosystem retrogression (the decline in ecosystem process rates due to long‐term absence of major disturbance) drives vegetation change, and thus above‐ground and below‐ground carbon (C) sequestration, and communities of consumer biota. 2. Our study system involves 30 islands in Swedish boreal forest that form a 5000‐year, fire‐driven retrogressive chronosequence. Here, retrogression leads to lower plant productivity and slower decomposition and a community shift from plants with traits associated with resource acquisition to those linked with resource conservation. 3. We present consistent evidence that above‐ground ecosystem C sequestration declines, while below‐ground and total C storage increases linearly for at least 5000 years following fire absence. This increase is driven primarily by changes in vegetation characteristics, impairment of decomposer organisms and absence of humus combustion. 4. Data from contrasting trophic groups show that during retrogression, biomass or abundance of plants and decomposer biota decreases, while that of above‐ground invertebrates and birds increases, due to different organisms accessing resources via distinct energy channels. Meanwhile, diversity measures of vascular plants and above‐ground (but not below‐ground) consumers respond positively to retrogression. 5. We show that taxonomic richness of plants and above‐ground consumers are positively correlated with total ecosystem C storage, suggesting that conserving old‐growth forests simultaneously maximizes biodiversity and C sequestration. However, we find little observational or experimental evidence that plant diversity is a major driver of ecosystem C storage on the islands relative to other biotic and abiotic factors. 6. Synthesis.Our study reveals that across contrasting islands differing in exposure to a key extrinsic driver (historical disturbance regime and resulting retrogression), there are coordinated responses of soil fertility, vegetation, consumer communities and ecosystem C sequestration, which all feed back to one another. It also highlights the value of well‐replicated natural experiments for tackling questions about above‐ground–below‐ground linkages over temporal and spatial scales that are otherwise unachievable.
Journal Article
storied wilderness
The Apostle Islands are a solitary place of natural beauty, with red sandstone cliffs, secluded beaches, and a rich and unique forest surrounded by the cold, blue waters of Lake Superior. But this seemingly pristine wilderness has been shaped and reshaped by humans. The people who lived and worked in the Apostles built homes, cleared fields, and cut timber in the island forests. The consequences of human choices made more than a century ago can still be read in today s wild landscapes.
A Storied Wilderness traces the complex history of human interaction with the Apostle Islands. In the 1930s, resource extraction made it seem like the islands natural beauty had been lost forever. But as the island forests regenerated, the ways that people used and valued the islands changed - human and natural processes together led to the rewilding of the Apostles. In 1970, the Apostles were included in the national park system and ultimately designated as the Gaylord Nelson Wilderness.
How should we understand and value wild places with human pasts? James Feldman argues convincingly that such places provide the opportunity to rethink the human place in nature. The Apostle Islands are an ideal setting for telling the national story of how we came to equate human activity with the loss of wilderness characteristics, when in reality all of our cherished wild places are the products of the complicated interactions between human and natural history.
Watch the book trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frECwkA6oHs
eBook
Urbanization of a Subtropical Island (Okinawa, Japan) Alters Physicochemical Characteristics and Disrupts Microbial Community Dynamics in Nearshore Ecosystems
Subtropical and tropical islands are undergoing rapid urbanization as the human population expands globally. Urbanization disrupts coastal ecosystems through several pathways—including the replacement of natural habitats with concrete structures that increase runoff pollution—but it remains difficult to isolate and characterize specific impacts of urbanization on marine ecosystems. The historical gradient in urbanization on the subtropical island of Okinawa, Japan, sets up a natural laboratory to study urbanization effects on nearshore ecosystems. Physicochemical parameters and bacterial community composition were assessed every 2 weeks for 1 year at two nearshore sites adjacent to watersheds with > 70% urban land use and two nearshore sites adjacent to watersheds with > 70% rural land use. Urbanization increased freshwater input and nutrient loading—indicated by decreased salinity and elevated nitrate + nitrite, ammonium, and phosphate at urban sites—despite the urban sites being more open to flushing due to land reclamation projects filling in the coral lagoon. Urbanization significantly altered microbial community composition by increasing diversity through the addition of fecal indicator and pathogenic bacteria—eight orders of bacteria were only detected in urban samples, whereas only Verrucomicrobiales was unique to rural samples. The change in microbial community composition at urban sites persisted throughout the seasonal cycle, suggesting a regime change or sustained disturbance. The altered physicochemical conditions and microbial communities at urban sites could degrade nearby coral reefs and their ecosystem services, highlighting the importance of coastal land management in marine conservation efforts.
Journal Article